A review on reactivity and stability of heterogeneous metal catalysts for deoxygenation of bio-oil model compounds

Bio-oil is a potential liquid fuel source which can be produced through the pyrolysis of biomass. Catalytic deoxygenation is an instrumental step for the defunctionalization of bio-oil which will result in liquid fuel which is of lower oxygen content and higher heating value. Numerous studies were done to investigate the deoxygenation mechanisms and the kinetics of various bio-oil model compounds. In this review, heterogeneous metal-catalyzed deoxygenation mechanisms of oxygenated model compounds with functional groups such as phenolics, furans, ethers, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones and alcohols were compared and discussed. The limitations, benefits and feasibilities of such mechanisms were also presented in this article. The discussions on the classes of model compounds and the bonding configurations of oxygenated compounds have also shown that there is a strong correlation between these parameters and the reaction pathways. Hence, this review presented a summary of the model compound based approach researches which would be useful in correlating such knowledge with the actual bio-oil deoxygenation process. Several outlooks on the deoxygenation reactivity of model compounds were also presented in this article based on the studies on the literatures.

A review on reaction mechanisms of metal-catalyzed deoxygenation process in bio-oil model compounds

In this work, the deactivation of a Cu(10%)/SiO2 catalyst in the gas-phase hydrogenation of maleic anhydride (MA) was studied. The reaction was performed between 170 and 220 °C, at atmospheric pressure and using two contact times ( W / F M A 0 ) : 11.9 and 23.8 g cat. h/mol MA. The Cu(10%)/SiO2 catalyst was prepared by the wetness impregnation method and characterized by N2 physisorption at −196 °C, N2O decomposition at 90 °C, X-ray diffraction and temperature programmed reduction. From this characterization, it was concluded that catalyst is formed by large metal copper crystallites with little or none interaction with silica surface. Under the conditions used in this work, the Cu(10%)/SiO2 catalyst was highly selective to succinic anhydride (SA) while MA conversion dropped drastically with time. Both high selectivity to SA and rapid catalyst deactivation can be explained considering different types of MA interaction with the large metal copper crystallites. Catalyst regeneration feasibility under two different atmospheres, oxidizing and reducing, was also analyzed. The experimental results were successfully fitted, by non-linear regression, using a deactivation model with residual activity (DMRA). This model predicts satisfactorily the deactivation of Cu(10%)/SiO2 in the gas-phase hydrogenation of MA, both for fresh and regenerated catalysts, under the experimental conditions used in this work.

Deactivation and regeneration of Cu/SiO2 catalyst in the hydrogenation of maleic anhydride. Kinetic modeling

Coupling reaction between ethanol dehydrogenation and maleic anhydride hydrogenation catalyzed by Cu/Al2O3, Cu/ZrO2, and Cu/ZnO catalysts

CuO−ZnO−La2O3/activated carbon (AC) adsorbent was used for phosphine (PH3) adsorption removal. The effects of O2 content, PH3 concentration, and adsorption temperature on the PH3 adsorption were in...

Phosphine Adsorption Removal from Yellow Phosphorus Tail Gas over CuO−ZnO−La2O3/Activated Carbon

Gas phase hydrogenation of maleic anhydride to tetrahydrofuran by Cu/ZnO/TiO2 catalysts in the presence of n-butanol

The invention pertains to the technical field of electrochemistry, which relates to trivalent chromium electroplate liquid and a preparation method thereof and the application in the electroplating of a stainless steel work piece. The component concentration of the formula of the raw materials of the trivalent chromium electroplate liquid is as follows: chromic sulfate hexahydrate: 17g/l to 24g/l, ammonium formate: 20g/l to 60g/l, ammonium acetate: 0g/l to 20g/l, the sulfates or halides of alkali metals or ammonium: 120g/l to 232g/l, boracic acid: 40g/l to 70g/l, and polyoxyethylene octyl ether: 1ml/l and glycerin: 2ml/l. The electroplate liquid prepared by the method has easy preparation and low toxicity, wherein, OP is used as a wetting agent; compared with other wetting agents, an OP emulsifying agent has better wetting effect and causes plating layers to have good combining force and to be relatively thick and even.

Trivalent chromium plating solution, preparation thereof and method for electric plating stainless steel work piece by using the same

The invention relates to a method for preparing six potassium titanate crystal whisker, which comprises the following steps: taking K2CO3 and meta-titanic acid as raw materials, mixing the K2CO3 and the meta-titanic acid, wherein the K2CO3 and TiO3 in the meta-titanic acid in the mole ratio of 1:2-5, simultaneously, adding potassium sulfate according to K2CO3 and K2SO4 in the mole ratio of 1:0.01-2, drying, grinding fine, calcining the mixture at 900DEG C-1150DEG C, after cooling the roasts in air, dipping the roasts in deionized water and boiling for 5-8h, filtering, cleaning and drying, and obtaining the six potassium titanate crystal whisker. The method of the invention has the advantages of easy controlling reaction, low cost, high yield, simple technology and flow path, and the prepared six potassium titanate crystal whisker has high quality and high yield, and is applied to industrialized production.

Method for preparing crystal wisker of potassium hexatitanate

The invention relates to a preparation method for micron order superfine sodium chloride, namely a method for preparing the micron order superfine sodium chloride by a desolvation method. The method comprises the following steps: at room temperature, dissolving sodium chloride into water to prepare a saturated sodium chloride solution; then adding alcohols as counter solvents; adding a modifying agent; stirring the mixture; quickly filtering and collecting crystals; and drying the crystals in a vacuum drying chamber at 80 DEG C to obtain micron order superfine sodium chloride powder, wherein the alcohols can be methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, normal butanol, isobutyl alcohol, 1,2-propanediol or 1,4- butanediol, preferably the ethanol, the isopropanol or the 1,4- butanediol; and the modifying agent can be tween 80, sorbierite, citric acid, polyethyleneglycol-200 (PEG) or polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP), preferably the sorbierite or the polyvinylpyrrolidon (PVP). The method has simple process;the productivity of the superfine sodium chloride is higher, and the modifying agent is used, so that the granular diameter of the sodium chloride can be markedly reduced and the granular diameter distribution is narrow.

Preparation method for micron order superfine sodium chloride

A method for the carboxylation preparation of 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid by taking n-octane as solvent to Pd(II)/C-catalyze the hydroquinone is disclosed, specifically comprising the steps of: in a high-pressure reaction kettle, taking sodium phenolate, potassium hydroxide and carbon dioxide as reactants, performing Pd(II)/C-catalysis to prepare 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid sylvite, and obtaining the 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid by means of recrystallization and acidification. The inventive catalyst is simply prepared, the solvent is easy for recovery and the product is high in purity.

Method for preparing 2,5-dihydroxy p-benzene dicarboxylic acid

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