Traditional imaging systems exhibit a well-known trade-off between the resolution and the field of view of their captured images. Typical cameras and microscopes can either “zoom in” and image at high-resolution, or they can “zoom out” to see a larger area at lower resolution, but can rarely achieve both effects simultaneously. In this review, we present details about a relatively new procedure termed Fourier ptychography (FP), which addresses the above trade-off to produce gigapixel-scale images without requiring any moving parts. To accomplish this, FP captures multiple low-resolution, large field-of-view images and computationally combines them in the Fourier domain into a high-resolution, large field-of-view result. Here, we present details about the various implementations of FP and highlight its demonstrated advantages to date, such as aberration recovery, phase imaging, and 3D tomographic reconstruction, to name a few. After providing some basics about FP, we list important details for successful experimental implementation, discuss its relationship with other computational imaging techniques, and point to the latest advances in the field while highlighting persisting challenges.

/pdf/fourier-ptychography-current-applications-and-future-2vdr4884rc.pdf

Fourier ptychography: current applications and future promises

Time-delayed optoelectronic oscillators are at the center of a large body of scientific literature. The complex behavior of these nonlinear oscillators has been thoroughly explored both theoretically and experimentally, leading to a better understanding of their dynamical properties. Beyond fundamental research, these systems have also inspired a wide and diverse set of applications, such as optical chaos communications, pseudorandom number generation, optoelectronic machine learning based on reservoir computing, ultrapure microwave generation, optical pulse-train synthesis, and sensing. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive survey of this field, to outline the latest achievements, and discuss the main challenges ahead.

Optoelectronic oscillators with time-delayed feedback

In this paper, a two-channel plasmonic wavelength demultiplexer (PWDM) based on band-stop filters (BSF) using double-nanodisk-shaped resonators is proposed. The structure is numerically simulated using finite difference time domain method. First, a BSF is considered for modeling which supports three modes. Then, the effect of various structural parameters of the proposed PWDM is studied on the transmission properties in detail. The results show that the transmission properties of our PWDM are highly dependent on geometric parameters. The proposed structure provides a single-mode spectrum on each of the output ports with a maximum quality factor as high as 105 (FWHM = 7.7 nm). To this end, we illustrate that the concerning published research in this field, the significant privilege of our proposed PWDM structure is in terms of its good transmission efficiency, lowest FWHM and highest quality factor. Hence, such an arrangement is easy to fabricate and it has the potential for use in all-optical ultra-compact circuits and devices.

Design and analysis of a plasmonic demultiplexer based on band-stop filters using double-nanodisk-shaped resonators

Optik - International Journal for Light and Electron Optics

All-optical logic gates have extraordinary application in ultra-high-speed Boolean operation and logical computation. All-optical logic gates like XOR, OR, and NOT using metal–insulator–metal waveguides are proposed here and designed under the footprint of 13 
 $${\upmu}{\text{m}}^{2}$$
 which is smaller than the previously reported work. The device's analysis is performed using the finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD), and results have been verified using MATLAB simulation. The performance parameter, extinction ratio for the proposed device, is computed and obtained 27.80 dB. The suggested logic gates can also be used as major components in optical communication, which leads to the development of a new way for the design of plasmonic integrated circuits.

An optimized design of all-optical XOR, OR, and NOT gates using plasmonic waveguide

Photonic generation of frequency-sextupled microwave signal without filter or precise phase control

Photonic generation of frequency-decupled microwave signal based on cascaded Mach-Zehnder modulators

We have demonstrated a scheme to realize the generation of frequency-sextupled signals with low phase noise (PN). The structure is based on a multimode optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) and two cascaded Mach–Zehnder modulators (MZMs). A drive source signal is modulated by the MZM1, which is biased at the minimum transmission point (MITP); the generated first-order sidebands are injected into the multimode OEO, which is contributed by the MZM2, the single-mode fiber, the photodetector, and the amplifier. The third-order sidebands are generated by the MZM2, which is also biased at the MITP. The modulated signal is then divided into reflection components and transmission components by a fiber Bragg grating (FBG). The reflection components, including the first-order sidebands, are sent to the photodetector and fed back to the MZM2 to form an optoelectronic hybrid loop. The transmission components, including the third-order sidebands, are heterodyned by another photodetector to generate a frequency-sextupled signal. Compared with the drive signal, the generated signal has a lower PN due to the selection of the oscillation mode. In the experiment, a frequency-sextupled signal from 15 to 24 GHz is generated by a drive signal, which is tuned from 2.5 to 4 GHz. The PN of the generated signal at 24 GHz is −103.6 dBc/Hz@10 kHz; 14.6 dB PN reduction is realized.

Generation of Low Phase-Noise Frequency-Sextupled Signals Based on Multimode Optoelectronic Oscillator and Cascaded Mach–Zehnder Modulators

Tunable single-mode injection-locked optoelectronic oscillator with low phase-noise

Tunable optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) with an embedded delay-line oscillator (EDO) for fine steps is presented. A delay-line oscillator consisting of an amplifier, phase shifter, and electrical delay line is embedded in the general single loop OEO. The oscillation frequency is controlled by the EDO loop phase, which is adjusted by the phase shifter. Without any narrow radio frequency bandpass filter, about 340 MHz tunable range with a fine step of ∼100 kHz is realized by directly tuning the direct current voltage of the phase shifter for 8 GHz oscillation. We also experimentally demonstrate κ-band tunable microwave signal generation within 22.18 to 23.32 GHz. The tunable accuracy and tunable range have a better performance compared to other OEO schemes with a fine frequency tunable step. The phase noise of the generated 22.25 GHz microwave signal is −108.7 dBc∕Hz at 10 kHz offset. © 2015 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) (DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.55.3.031117)

Tunable optoelectronic oscillator with an embedded delay-line oscillator for fine steps

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