Electronic Noses: From Advanced Materials to Sensors Aided with Data Processing

Detection of harmful gases is important to ensure human and environmental health. Industrial waste gases such as CO, NO2, H2S, and NH3 are of typical focus among researchers over the years. Chemiresistive sensors are suitable for detecting these harmful gases. One suitable candidate material for this sensor is the conducting polymer, which offers the advantage of room-temperature operation. This review focuses on the overall development of conducting polymer as chemiresistive sensing materials. Effects of different parameters influencing sensor performance such as response, gas concentration, response time, and recovery time of conducting polymers are explored. Different conducting polymers are compared and their affinities to specific gases are determined. An understanding of pure conducting polymers assists further exploration of these polymers in composite form. A comprehensive understanding based on an overview of literature will facilitate researchers in selecting appropriate conducting polymers for different gas sensing applications and is expected to encourage further progress in this area. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse of the work in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0032003JES]

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/2.0032003JES/pdf

Review—Conducting Polymers as Chemiresistive Gas Sensing Materials: A Review

Dissolved oxygen is an important index to evaluate water quality, and its concentration is of great significance in industrial production, environmental monitoring, aquaculture, food production, and other fields. As its change is a continuous dynamic process, the dissolved oxygen concentration needs to be accurately measured in real time. In this paper, the principles, main applications, advantages, and disadvantages of iodometric titration, electrochemical detection, and optical detection, which are commonly used dissolved oxygen detection methods, are systematically analyzed and summarized. The detection mechanisms and materials of electrochemical and optical detection methods are examined and reviewed. Because external environmental factors readily cause interferences in dissolved oxygen detection, the traditional detection methods cannot adequately meet the accuracy, real-time, stability, and other measurement requirements; thus, it is urgent to use intelligent methods to make up for these deficiencies. This paper studies the application of intelligent technology in intelligent signal transfer processing, digital signal processing, and the real-time dynamic adaptive compensation and correction of dissolved oxygen sensors. The combined application of optical detection technology, new fluorescence-sensitive materials, and intelligent technology is the focus of future research on dissolved oxygen sensors.

Review of Dissolved Oxygen Detection Technology: From Laboratory Analysis to Online Intelligent Detection.

Heterogeneous catalysis, for its industrial importance and great complexity in structure, has long been the testing ground of new characterization techniques. Machine learning (ML) as a starring to...

Machine Learning for Atomic Simulation and Activity Prediction in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Current Status and Future

Protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (including fuel cells (PCFCs) and electrolysis cells (PCECs)) are positioned as an eco-friendly means for realizing energy/chemical conversion at low (below 500 °C) and intermediate (500–800 °C) temperatures; as a result, R&D of PCFCs and PCECs are compatible with hydrogen energy and CO2 utilization programs that play an increasing role in global environmental practice. However, along with ionic transport, the majority of proton-conducting ceramic materials also exhibit electronic transport under oxidizing conditions and elevated temperatures. This feature negatively affects the performance of cells due to the short-circuit effect leading to a reduction in faradaic and energy efficiencies. In response, in order to achieve a compromise between high performance and high efficiency, the present review article aims at revealing the main factors contributing to undesirable electronic transport of materials used in PCFCs and PCECs, as well as possible solutions leading to its suppression for improving their efficiency.

Electrochemistry and energy conversion features of protonic ceramic cells with mixed ionic-electronic electrolytes

Zirconia-based electrolyte is considered to be the most reliable candidate as oxide-ion electrolyte for oxygen sensor, oxygen pump, and solid-oxide fuel cell. The electrical property and stability of zirconia-based electrolyte depend strongly on dopant type and concentration. In this review, phase diagrams, electrical properties, and the latest developments of zirconia-based electrolyte with different dopant are discussed. The methods used to increase oxide-ion conductivity and decrease the electronic conductivity of stabilized zirconia are also discussed.

A review of zirconia-based solid electrolytes

Review—Electrochemical NOx Gas Sensors Based on Stabilized Zirconia

A sulfur sensor Mo|Mo, Mo2S3|ZrS2 + MgS|ZrO2(MgO)|ZrS2 + MgS|[S]Fe|Mo was developed and tested in carbon-saturated liquid iron. The auxiliary electrode was ZrS2 + MgS, which was formed on the surface of ZrO2(MgO) electrolyte by: ZrO2(MgO)(s) + 3H2S(g) = ZrS2(s) + MgS(s) + 3H2O(g). The results indicate that the auxiliary electrode is dense, and has a good adhesion to the solid electrolyte. ZrS2 and MgS are stable in the carbon-saturated liquid iron where the aO < 1.25 × 10−7 at 1550 K and aO < 2.10 × 10−7 at 1600 K. The variations of the EMF versus [wt% S] can be obtained as follows:
E=−65.48ln[wt%S]+134.42(1550K)

E=−81.18ln[wt%S]+111.66(1600K)

An electrochemical sulfur sensor based on ZrO2(MgO) as solid electrolyte and ZrS2 + MgS as auxiliary electrode

(M = Fe, Cr and Co) doped CaZrO3, CaZr0.7M0.3O3 (M = Fe, Cr and Co), was synthesized by solid state reaction method. Crystalline structure, microstructures, electronic conductivity, total conductivity and sensing performance were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Hebb-Wagner, DC van der Pauw and voltammetry method, respectively. XRD measurements show that the CaZr0.7M0.3O3 (M = Fe, Cr and Co) samples belong to an orthorhombic perovskite structure. SEM measurements show that the CaZr0.7M0.3O3 (M = Fe, Cr and Co) samples have fine grains with average grain size of 0.5–2 μm. Electrical property measurements show that the CaZr0.7Fe0.3O3 and CaZr0.7Cr0.3O3 samples have the highest electronic conductivity and total conductivity in air, respectively. Sensing performance measurements show that limiting current-type oxygen sensors with 9YSZ solid electrolyte and CaZr0.7M0.3O3 dense diffusion barrier exhibit good limiting current (IL) plateau. Log IL depends linearly on 1000/T. IL depends linearly on oxygen partial pressure.

Preparation and electrical property of CaZr0.7M0.3O3 (M = Fe, Cr and Co) dense diffusion barrier for application in limiting current oxygen sensor

CeO2–ZrO2 solid solution was synthesised by mechanical activation solid-state chemical reaction method and characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal dila...

Crystal structure, microstructure, thermal expansion and electrical conductivity of CeO2–ZrO2 solid solution

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