Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature. This class of micro- and nano-structured artificial media have attracted great interest during the past 15 years and yielded ground-breaking electromagnetic and photonic phenomena. However, the high losses and strong dispersion associated with the resonant responses and the use of metallic structures, as well as the difficulty in fabricating the micro- and nanoscale 3D structures, have hindered practical applications of metamaterials. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures, can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response (e.g. scattering amplitude, phase, and polarization), mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications.

Metamaterials, artificial electromagnetic media that are structured on the subwavelength scale, were initially suggested for the negative-index 'superlens'. Later metamaterials became a paradigm for engineering electromagnetic space and controlling propagation of waves: the field of transformation optics was born. The research agenda is now shifting towards achieving tunable, switchable, nonlinear and sensing functionalities. It is therefore timely to discuss the emerging field of metadevices where we define the devices as having unique and useful functionalities that are realized by structuring of functional matter on the subwavelength scale. In this Review we summarize research on photonic, terahertz and microwave electromagnetic metamaterials and metadevices with functionalities attained through the exploitation of phase-change media, semiconductors, graphene, carbon nanotubes and liquid crystals. The Review also encompasses microelectromechanical metadevices, metadevices engaging the nonlinear and quantum response of superconductors, electrostatic and optomechanical forces and nonlinear metadevices incorporating lumped nonlinear components.

/pdf/from-metamaterials-to-metadevices-4vgaose515.pdf

From metamaterials to metadevices.

Optical Waveguide Theory

Metamaterials to metadevices

Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metal/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and/or magnetic components of the incident electromagnetic fields, exhibiting properties that are not found in nature. Planar metamaterials with subwavelength thickness, or metasurfaces, consisting of single-layer or few-layer stacks of planar structures, can be readily fabricated using lithography and nanoprinting methods, and the ultrathin thickness in the wave propagation direction can greatly suppress the undesirable losses. Metasurfaces enable a spatially varying optical response, mold optical wavefronts into shapes that can be designed at will, and facilitate the integration of functional materials to accomplish active control and greatly enhanced nonlinear response. This paper reviews recent progress in the physics of metasurfaces operating at wavelengths ranging from microwave to visible. We provide an overview of key metasurface concepts such as anomalous reflection and refraction, and introduce metasurfaces based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and Huygens' metasurfaces, as well as their use in wavefront shaping and beam forming applications, followed by a discussion of polarization conversion in few-layer metasurfaces and their related properties. An overview of dielectric metasurfaces reveals their ability to realize unique functionalities coupled with Mie resonances and their low ohmic losses. We also describe metasurfaces for wave guidance and radiation control, as well as active and nonlinear metasurfaces. Finally, we conclude by providing our opinions of opportunities and challenges in this rapidly developing research field.

A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications

Single photon detection technology is a frontier in the field of photon detection. As a newly developed technique, superconductor single photon detector (SSPD) has many attractive advantages such as wide response bandwidth, low noise, and fast speed. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate a high performance SSPD with large system efficiency and low dark count rate at infrared wavelengths. The devices structure, fabrication process and system performance are presented in details. For our SSPD, we achieve a system efficiency of 60% at 1550 nm with a dark count rate of 100 cps. The time jitter and the maximum repetition rate are also measured to be 46 ps and 50 MHz respectively.

High performance superconductor single photon detector with enhanced system efficiency at infrared wavelength

Landau-Zener-Stuckelberg interferometry has been extensively investigated in quantum two-level systems, with particular interests on artificial system such as superconducting flux qubits. With increasing the driving field amplitude, more energy levels will be involved into the quantum evolution, which results in population inversion and many interesting interference patterns. These interference patterns can be used to obtain the parameters characterizing the system and probe dephasing mechanisms of the qubit. Most recently, experiments have been extended to the regime with higher-frequency and larger-amplitude driving field, in which the interference pattern exhibited more complicated characteristics. In this article, we give a universal description of the characteristics observed in both low-frequency and high-frequency regimes. Besides explaining the already observed experimental results, our theoretical model predicted many interesting phenomenon, which can be demonstrated by future experiments.

Landau-Zener-Stuckelberg interferometry in multilevel superconducting flux qubit

The utility model discloses a detecting system for improving the stability of a high-sensitiveness T-Hz mixer. The detecting system comprises a T-Hz frequency-band local oscillation signal source, a beam splitter, a silicon lens, a mixer, a coaxial T-joint, a DC blocker, an isolator, a low-temperature low-noise amplifier, a normal-temperature intermediate-frequency amplifier, a band-pass filter, a device for converting intermediate-frequency power into DC voltage, a computer, a DC bias power supply, a bias tee, a microwave source and a low-temperature Dewar. In the detecting system, a feedback loop is used for controlling the microwave power much lower than the T-Hz frequency, so as to compensate the instability of the T-Hz local oscillation power; and taking an HEB (Hot Electron Bolometer) mixer as an example, the Allan time of the mixer is increased from about 1 second to about 10 seconds, and the temperature resolution is improved by 30%.

Detecting system for improving stability of high-sensitiveness T-Hz mixer

Mean-field theory of ferroelectricity in Sr 1-x Ca x TiO 3 (0⩽x⩽0.4)

Terahertz (THz) direct detectors based on superconducting niobium nitride (NbN) hot electron bolometers (HEBs) with microwave (MW) biasing are studied. The MW is used to bias the HEB to the optimum point and to readout the impedance changes caused by the incident THz signals. Compared with the thermal biasing method, this method would be more promising in large scale array with simple readout. The used NbN HEB has an excellent performance as heterodyne detector with the double sideband noise temperature (TN) of 403 K working at 4.2 K and 0.65 THz. As a result, the noise equivalent power of 1.5 pW/Hz1/2 and the response time of 64 ps are obtained for the direct detectors based on the NbN HEBs and working at 4.2 K and 0.65 THz.

Terahertz Direct Detectors Based on Superconducting Hot Electron Bolometers with Microwave Biasing

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