Microstructure refinement and shrinkage mitigation of alkali-activated slag paste by superabsorbent polymer

Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) has gained increasing interest in recent years due to its superior mechanical properties compared to plain concrete. The failure of it is a process in which the initial defects (e.g., micro voids and cracks, etc.) generate, propagate and connect under the action of external loads. A clear understanding of damage behavior and precise establishment of constitutive models of FRC are important basis for correctly evaluating the mechanical behavior and failure criterion, monitoring the damage development and controlling the failure process of FRC materials and structures. In this context, this paper presents a comprehensive review on the damage behavior and damage constitutive model of plain concrete and FRC at ambient temperature. The damage process, damage mechanism, damage evaluation and damage evolution are respectively discussed, especially for the findings measured by commonly used damage detecting methods of cyclic loading test and acoustic emission technique. Moreover, the effect of steel and polypropylene fibers on the damage evolution laws of FRC as well as the corresponding mechanisms are emphasized. In addition, the existing empirical and theoretical damage constitutive models for plain concrete and FRC are comprehensively concluded, respectively. The damage constitutive models of FRC at the mesoscopic scale using homogenization and mixing theories of composite materials are particularly expounded. By comparing and analyzing these models, the latest research progress of the damage constitutive models for FRC is understood, and a direction for the subsequent research of FRC is provided. 

A review on the damage behavior and constitutive model of fiber reinforced concrete at ambient temperature

Effect of super absorbent polymers in properties of self-curing concrete – A state of art of review

This study conducted uniaxial cyclic axial tests on internally cured SAP-PVA fiber reinforced concrete specimens at different temperatures using an MTS universal hydraulic servo machine, obtaining the failure modes and uniaxial cyclic stress-strain curves of concrete with different mix proportions. Utilizing the experimental data, characteristic points of the cyclic stress-strain curves, including loading and unloading, were obtained for different SAP-PVA fiber reinforced concretes. Subsequently, the variations in mechanical parameters such as plastic strain and elastic modulus were analyzed, and the relationship between unloading strain, reloading strain, and plastic strain was investigated. Corresponding regression models for the relationship between plastic strain and loading and unloading strain were established, and the accuracy of the model was validated using various experimental data. The results indicated a continuous decrease in the secant elastic modulus and peak stress but increase in the peak strain of SAP-PVA concrete with increasing temperature, indicating a significant negative impact of high-temperature effects on the mechanical properties of concrete. As the cyclic load increased, plastic strain accumulated, and the cumulative relationship between unloading strain and plastic strain showed weak correlation with high-temperature effects. The unloading model parameters of SAP-PVA concrete were independent of temperature load and only influenced by the degree of damage. With an increase in material damage, the nonlinearity of the unloading curve increased. Compared to the unloading curve, temperature load significantly affected the nonlinearity of the reloading curve. This study revealed the cyclic tensile mechanical properties of SAP-PVA fiber concrete at different temperatures, providing experimental and theoretical references for the practical application and calculation of such concrete in engineering projects. 

Experimental study on cyclic axial tensile mechanical properties of SAP-PVA fiber concrete at different temperatures

Curing improves the microstructure and durability of concrete. Concrete self-curing is one of the most effective water-saving techniques because it delivers extra curing water throughout the concrete microstructure, preventing self-desiccation and minimizing shrinkage problems. This study aimed to characterize super absorbent polymers (SAPs) application in self-curing concrete. The SAP dosage of 0.3% was kept constant for the entire study, and the cement was replaced by the ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) at 10% intervals up to 50%. The workability of fresh concrete as compaction factor was determined. The mechanical strengths like compressive, flexural, and split tensile strength were studied. The durability properties of concrete, like water absorption, apparent density, and weight loss against acid environments, were studied. The results with the blend of 20% GGBS and 0.3% SAP met the Indian Standard code requirements related to strength and durability of concrete. 

Use of Super Absorbent Polymer with GGBS in Normal Concrete

Experimental study on the mechanical properties of internally cured concrete with super absorbent polymer under monotonic and cyclic loads

The lift-off method is an effective method to detect the effective pre-stress under the bridge anchor, but the mechanism of the force when the clip is disengaged is unclear. When using this method to detect pre-stress, how to determine the bite force of the clips to obtain the effective pre-stress under the anchor is not reported in the literature. Firstly, this paper analyzed the stress characteristics of the anchor system when the lift-off method is used, and analyzed the cause of the sudden change of the lift-off curve. Secondly, a theoretical method for calculating the bite force between the clips and the anchor plates was established, and the influence of the friction coefficient and tensile force on the bite force was analyzed. Thirdly, an indoor model test of clip bite force was designed, and the lift-off method outdoor test of an actual pre-stressed beam was carried out. The theoretical calculations and experimental values were compared and analyzed, and the results were in good agreement. On the basis of calculations and testing, we proposed a theoretical model of the linear relationship between the bite force and tensile force of the liftoff method, and recommended a formula for bite force based on test results. At the same time, based on theoretical calculations, we proposed a rational function fitting model for the friction coefficient and the linear slope of the bite force between the steel strand and the clips. The analysis shows that the friction coefficient of the proposed theoretical model is reasonable.

A Novel Theoretical Model of Bite Force for Detecting Pre-Stress by Lift-Off Method

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Experimental study on the mechanical properties of internally cured concrete with super absorbent polymer under monotonic and cyclic loads

A Novel Theoretical Model of Bite Force for Detecting Pre-Stress by Lift-Off Method