Superabsorbent hydrogels based on polysaccharides for application in agriculture as soil conditioner and nutrient carrier: A review

Superabsorbent polymers are hydrophilic networks that can absorb and retain huge amounts of water or aqueous solutions. They are currently used in many areas including hygienic and bio-related uses (particularly in disposable diapers), agricultural uses (e.g., water reserving in soil, soil conditioning, and controlled release of agrochemicals), pharmaceutical dosage forms, separation technology, fibers/textiles, water-swelling rubbers, soft actuators/valves, electrical, construction, packaging, artificial snow, sludge/coal dewatering, fire-extinguishing gels, etc. Addition of clays and organo-modified clays into superabsorbent formulation has funded new generations of these hydrogels, i.e., superabsorbent hydrogel composites (SHCs) and superabsorbent hydrogel nanocomposites (SHNCs). New superabsorbent hydrogels are cheaper in price, and possess superior mechanical properties than non-composite counterparts. This review introduces the SHC and SHNC polymers with the focus on different minerals and humic additives, synthetic methods, the hydrogel characteristics and their applications. POLYM. COMPOS., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers

Superabsorbent hydrogel composites and nanocomposites: A review

Development of a sodium alginate-based organic/inorganic superabsorbent composite hydrogel for adsorption of methylene blue.

A series of chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid)/vermiculite hydrogel composites were synthesized and used as adsorbents for the investigation of the effect of process parameters such as vermiculite content, pH of dye solution, contact time, initial concentration of dye solution, temperature, ionic strength and concentration of surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate on the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) from aqueous solution. The results showed that the adsorption capacity for dye increased with increasing pH, contact time and initial dye concentration, but decreased with increasing temperature, ionic strength and sodium dodecyl sulfate concentration in the present of the surfactant. The adsorption kinetics of MB onto the hydrogel composite followed pseudo second-order kinetics and the adsorption equilibrium data obeyed Langmuir isotherm. By introducing 10 wt.% vermiculite into chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid) polymeric network, the obtaining hydrogel composite showed the highest adsorption capacity for MB, and then could be regarded as a potential adsorbent for cationic dye removal in a wastewater treatment process.

/pdf/enhanced-adsorption-of-methylene-blue-from-aqueous-solution-3d6o1at2yl.pdf

Enhanced adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by chitosan-g-poly (acrylic acid)/vermiculite hydrogel composites

A series of clay-based superabsorbent composite from acrylamide (AM) and various clays, such as attapulgite, kaolinite, mica, vermiculate and Na + -montmorillonite, was prepared by free-radical aqueous polymerization, using N , N ′-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate (APS) as an initiator, and then saponified with sodium hydroxide solution. In this paper, the reaction mechanism and thermal stability of the superabsorbent composites incorporated with various clays were characterized by FTIR, XRD and TGA, respectively. The effects of clay kind and clay content on equilibrium water absorbency of these composites were also investigated and compared. In addition, the influences of clay kind on comprehensive swelling behaviors of the PAM/clay superabsorbent composites were studied. The results indicated that the introduced clays could influence physicochemical properties of obtained superabsorbent composites. Mica could improve thermal stability of corresponding superabsorbent composites to the highest degree comparing with the other clays. The PAM/clay superabsorbent composites incorporated with 10 wt% clay of various kinds were all endowed with equilibrium water absorbency of more than 1300 g g −1 . The equilibrium water absorbency decreases with increasing clay content and correlates with the kind of clay. Attapulgite-based superabsorbent composite was endowed with higher water absorbency in univalent cationic saline solution, however, the vermiculite- and the kaolinite-based ones acquired the highest water absorbency in CaCl 2 and FeCl 3 aqueous solution, respectively. Moreover, the superabsorbent composites incorporated with Na + -montmorillonite have higher swelling rate and that of doped with mica was endowed with higher reswelling capability.

Study on superabsorbent composites. IX: Synthesis, characterization and swelling behaviors of polyacrylamide/clay composites based on various clays

A series of novel xerogels based on sodium acrylate (NaA), montmorillonite (MMT), and N,N′-methylene-bisacrylamide (NMBA) were prepared by inverse suspension polymerization and water solution polymerization. The influences of pure MMT, intercalated MMT, the method of polymerization, and the content of the MMT in the copolymeric gels on the water absorbency and the initial absorption rate in deionized water and various salt solutions were investigated. Results showed that the water absorbency was increased by adding a small amount of the pure MMT into the copolymeric gels, but decreased by adding intercalated MMT into the gels. In addition, the water absorbency of the gels prepared by water solution polymerization was lower than that prepared by inverse suspension polymerization. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3422–3429, 2004

Superabsorbent polymeric materials. XII. Effect of montmorillonite on water absorbency for poly(sodium acrylate) and montmorillonite nanocomposite superabsorbents

A series of xerogels based on sodium acrylate, nonionic monomers such as 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA), and N,N′-methylene bisacrylamide were prepared by inverse suspension polymerization. The results indicate that the water absorbencies for these two gel series were effectively improved by the addition of a small amount of nonionic monomer (HEMA or PEGMA). The initial absorption rates in deionized water were faster for the PEGMA gels than for the HEMA gels. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the spherical particle size was smaller for the PEGMA gels than for the HEMA gels. In addition, the water absorbency of the gels in various salt solutions decreased with increasing ionic strength, especially for the multivalent salt solutions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 3666–3674, 2004

Superabsorbent polymeric materials. XI. Effect of nonionic monomers on the swelling behavior of crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate-co-nonionic monomers) in aqueous salt solutions

In a previous study, we prepared a series of xerogels based on sodium acrylate (NaA) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA, OE = 1) or poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA, OE = 6) with different oxyethylene (OE) units. The effect of the contents of HEMA and PEGMA in the copolymeric gel on the swelling behavior in deionized water and various saline solutions was studied. Their results showed that the water absorbencies for these two series gels were effectively improved by adding a small amount of HEMA or PEGMA. In this article, a series of novel xerogels based on NaA and hydrophilic monomer poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEAn), which was synthesized from acryloyl chloride and poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether with three oxyethylene (OE = 9, 16, 45) chain lengths, were prepared by inverse suspension polymerization. The effects of OE chain length in the copolymeric gel on the water absorption behavior and initial absorption rate for the present xerogels were investigated. Results showed that adding a small amount of PEGMEAn could effectively increase the water absorbency of the gels. In addition, the water absorbency decreased with an increase of the OE chain length in PEGMEAn. The initial absorption rate for the present copolymeric gels increased with increasing OE chain length in PEGMEAn and the content of PEGMEAn in the copolymeric gels. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 927–934, 2006

Superabsorbent polymeric materials. XIII. Effect of oxyethylene chain length on water absorbency for the sodium acrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEAn) copolymeric gels

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Superabsorbent polymeric materials. XII. Effect of montmorillonite on water absorbency for poly(sodium acrylate) and montmorillonite nanocomposite superabsorbents

Superabsorbent polymeric materials. XI. Effect of nonionic monomers on the swelling behavior of crosslinked poly(sodium acrylate-co-nonionic monomers) in aqueous salt solutions

Superabsorbent polymeric materials. XIII. Effect of oxyethylene chain length on water absorbency for the sodium acrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGMEAn) copolymeric gels