Multiresponsive flexile sensors with strain, temperature, humidity, and other sensing abilities serving as real electronic skin (e-skin) have manifested great application potential in flexible electronics, artificial intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT). Although numerous flexible sensors with sole sensing function have already been reported since the concept of e-skin, that mimics the sensing features of human skin, was proposed about a decade ago, the ones with more sensing capacities as new emergences are urgently demanded. However, highly integrated and highly sensitive flexible sensors with multiresponsive functions are becoming a big thrust for the detection of human body motions, physiological signals (e.g., skin temperature, blood pressure, electrocardiograms (ECG), electromyograms (EMG), sweat, etc.) and environmental stimuli (e.g., light, magnetic field, volatile organic compounds (VOCs)), which are vital to real-time and all-round human health monitoring and management. Herein, this review summarizes the design, manufacturing, and application of multiresponsive flexible sensors and presents the future challenges of fabricating these sensors for the next-generation e-skin and wearable electronics.

Recent Advances in Multiresponsive Flexible Sensors towards E-skin: A Delicate Design for Versatile Sensing.

Mechanoluminescence, a smart luminescence phenomenon in which light energy is directly produced by a mechanical force, has recently received significant attention because of its important applications in fields such as visible strain sensing and structural health monitoring. Up to present, hundreds of inorganic and organic mechanoluminescent smart materials have been discovered and studied. Among them, strontium‐aluminate‐based materials are an important class of inorganic mechanoluminescent materials for fundamental research and practical applications attributed to their extremely low force/pressure threshold of mechanoluminescence, efficient photoluminescence, persistent afterglow, and a relatively low synthesis cost. This paper presents a systematic and comprehensive review of strontium‐aluminate‐based luminescent materials’ mechanoluminescence phenomena, mechanisms, material synthesis techniques, and related applications. Besides of summarizing the early and the latest research on this material system, an outlook is provided on its environmental, energy issue and future applications in smart wearable devices, advanced energy‐saving lighting and displays.

Smart Mechanoluminescent Phosphors: A Review of Strontium‐Aluminate‐Based Materials, Properties, and Their Advanced Application Technologies

Tactile sensors with multimode sensing ability are cornerstones of artificial skin for applications in humanoid robotics and smart prosthetics. However, the intuitive and interference-free reading of multiple tactile signals without involving complex algorithms and calculations remains a challenge. Herein a pressure-temperature bimodal tactile sensor without any interference is demonstrated by combining the fundamentally different sensing mechanisms of optics and electronics, enabling the simultaneous and independent sensing of pressure and temperature with the elimination of signal separation algorithms and calculations. The bimodal sensor comprises a mechanoluminescent hybrid of ZnS-CaZnOS and a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thermoresistant material, endowing the unambiguous transduction of pressure and temperature into optical and electrical signals, respectively. This device exhibits the highest temperature sensitivity of -0.6% °C-1 in the range of 21-60 °C and visual sensing of the applied forces at a low limitation of 2 N. The interference-free and light-emitting characteristics of this device permit user-interactive applications in robotics for encrypted communication as well as temperature and pressure monitoring, along with wireless signal transmission. This work provides an unexplored solution to signal interference of multimodal tactile sensors, which can be extended to other multifunctional sensing devices.

Bimodal Tactile Sensor without Signal Fusion for User-Interactive Applications.

Printable, flexible, breathable and sweatproof bifunctional sensors based on an all-nanofiber platform for fully decoupled pressure–temperature sensing application

Endowing a single material with various types of luminescence, i.e., exhibiting a simultaneous optical response to different stimuli, is vital in various fields. A photoluminescence (PL)- and mechanoluminescence (ML)-based multifunctional sensing platform was built by combining heterojunctioned ZnS/CaZnOS:Mn2+ mechano-photonic materials using a 3D-printing technique and fiber spinning. ML-active particles were embedded in micron-sized cellulose fibers for flexible optical devices capable of emitting light driven by mechanical force. We also fabricated individual modified 3D-printed hard units that exhibit intense ML in response to mechanical deformation such as impact and friction. Importantly, they also allow low-pressure sensing up to ∼100 bar, a range previously inaccessible by any other optical sensing technique. Moreover, the developed optical manometer based on the PL of the materials demonstrates a superior high-pressure sensitivity of ∼6.20 nm/GPa. Using this sensing platform, four modes of temperature detection can be achieved: excitation- and emission-band spectral shifts, bandwidth broadening and lifetime shortening. Our work supports the possibility of mass production of ML-active mechanical and optoelectronic parts integrated with scientific and industrial tools and apparatus. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/adma.202304140

Mechanoluminescence And Photoluminescence Heterojunction for Superior Multi-mode Sensing Platform of Friction, Force, Pressure And Temperature in Fibers And 3D-printed Polymers.

Achieving Remote Stress and Temperature Dual-Modal Imaging by Double-Lanthanide-Activated Mechanoluminescent Materials

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Achieving Remote Stress and Temperature Dual-Modal Imaging by Double-Lanthanide-Activated Mechanoluminescent Materials