Worldwide nanotechnology development and application have fueled many scientific advances, but technophilic expectations and technophobic demands must be counterbalanced in parallel. Some of the burning issues today are the following: (1) Where is nano today? (2) How good are the communication and investment networks between academia/research and governments? (3) Is there any spotlight application for nanotechnology? Nanomedicine is a particular arm of nanotechnology within the healthcare landscape, focused on diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of emerging (such as coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19) and contemporary (including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer) diseases. However, it may only represent the bright side of the coin. In fact, in the recent past, the concept of nanotoxicology has emerged to address the dark shadows of nanomedicine. The nanomedicine field requires more nanotoxicological studies to identify undesirable effects and guarantee safety. Here, we provide an overall perspective on nanomedicine and nanotoxicology as central pieces of the giant puzzle of nanotechnology. First, the impact of nanotechnology on education and research is highlighted, followed by market trends and scientific output tendencies. In the next section, the nanomedicine and nanotoxicology dilemma is addressed through the interplay of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo models with the support of omics and microfluidic approaches. Lastly, a reflection on the regulatory issues and clinical trials is provided. Finally, some conclusions and future perspectives are proposed for a clearer and safer translation of nanomedicines from the bench to the bedside.

Where Is Nano Today and Where Is It Headed? A Review of Nanomedicine and the Dilemma of Nanotoxicology.

Toxicity of manufactured nanomaterials

The direct overall water splitting with low/non-toxicity semiconductor-based photocatalysts is regarded as a feasible but challenging method for hydrogen production. Herein, we firstly propose the feasily obtained rhombohedral corundum/cubic In2O3 (rh/c-In2O3) phase-junction by direct annealing metal organic framework (MIL-68(In)-NH2) in air atmosphere. The spectroscopic characterization and photo-electrochemistry test indicate that this special phase-junction could effectively accelerate the separation and transfer of photogenerated charges between rh-In2O3 and c-In2O3. The optimal In2O3 phase-junction shows hydrogen production rate of 2244 μmol h−1 g−1 in 15 vol % triethanolamine aqueous solution, corresponding to the apparent quantum yields of 35 % at 400 nm, is approximately 12 times higher than that of bare c-In2O3. The results of vitro cytotoxicity assay and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation suggest that In2O3 samples are safety photocatalysts to environment and human being. The Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations and experiment results manifest the photo-induced electron transfer from c-In2O3 to rh-In2O3 with a Z-scheme mechanism. This work not only reports a novel Z-scheme phase-junction photocatalysts but also provides an idea for the design of environmentally friendly photocatalysts for water splitting hydrogen production.

Environment friendly and remarkably efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution based on metal organic framework derived hexagonal/cubic In2O3 phase-junction

Theranostic nanoparticles with disease-specific administration strategies

PVA and BSA stabilized silver nanoparticles based surface–enhanced plasmon resonance probes for protein detection B Biointerfaces

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are used in food additives, food packages, and therapeutic purposes owing to their useful properties, Therefore, human beings are orally exposed to exogenous nanomaterials frequently, which means the intestine is one of the primary targets of nanomaterials. Consequently, it is of great importance to understand the interaction between nanomaterials and the intestine. When nanomaterials enter into gut lumen, they inevitably interact with various components and thereby display different effects on the intestine based on their locations; these are known as location-oriented effects (LOE). The intestinal LOE confer a new biological-effect profile for nanomaterials, which is dependent on the involvement of the following biological processes: nano-mucus interaction, nano-intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) interaction, nano-immune interaction, and nano-microbiota interaction. A deep understanding of NM-induced LOE will facilitate the design of safer NMs and the development of more efficient nanomedicine for intestine-related diseases. Herein, recent progress in this field is reviewed in order to better understand the LOE of nanomaterials. The distant effects of nanomaterials coupling with microbiota are also highlighted. Investigation of the interaction of nanomaterials with the intestine will stimulate other new research areas beyond intestinal nanotoxicity.

The Nano-Intestine Interaction: Understanding the Location-Oriented Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Intestine.

The biological effect of engineered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as beneficial biomaterials on the intestine, especially on its development, remains unclear. Here, we investigated the profitable effect of CNTs with a different graphene layer and surface modification on the 3D model of intestinal organoids and demonstrated that CNTs (50 μg/mL) promoted the development of intestinal organoids over time (0-5 days). The mechanisms involve the modulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) viscoelasticity and intracellular energy metabolism. In particular, CNTs reduced the hardness of the extracellular matrix through decreasing the elasticity and increasing the viscosity as a result of elevated metalloproteinase and binding to a protein scaffold, which activated the mechanical membrane sensors of cells, Piezo, and downstream P-p38-yes-associated protein (YAP) pathway. Moreover, CNTs altered the metabolic profile of intestinal organoids and induced increased mitochondria activity, respiration, and nutrient absorption. These mechanisms cooperated with each other to promote the proliferation and differentiation of intestinal organoids. In addition, the promoted effect of CNTs is highly dependent on the number of graphene layers, manifested as multiwalled CNTs > single-walled CNTs. Our findings highlight the CNT-intestine interaction and imply the potential of CNTs as biomaterials for intestine-associated tissue engineering.

Carbon Nanotubes Promote the Development of Intestinal Organoids through Regulating Extracellular Matrix Viscoelasticity and Intracellular Energy Metabolism.

Nanomaterials as novel agents for amelioration of Parkinson’s disease

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The Nano-Intestine Interaction: Understanding the Location-Oriented Effects of Engineered Nanomaterials in the Intestine.

Carbon Nanotubes Promote the Development of Intestinal Organoids through Regulating Extracellular Matrix Viscoelasticity and Intracellular Energy Metabolism.

Nanomaterials as novel agents for amelioration of Parkinson’s disease