Localization is one of the key technologies in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), since it provides fundamental support for many location-aware protocols and applications. Constraints on cost and power consumption make it infeasible to equip each sensor node in the network with a global position system (GPS) unit, especially for large-scale WSNs. A promising method to localize unknown nodes is to use mobile anchor nodes (MANs), which are equipped with GPS units moving among unknown nodes and periodically broadcasting their current locations to help nearby unknown nodes with localization. A considerable body of research has addressed the mobile anchor node assisted localization (MANAL) problem. However, to the best of our knowledge, no updated surveys on MAAL reflecting recent advances in the field have been presented in the past few years. This survey presents a review of the most successful MANAL algorithms, focusing on the achievements made in the past decade, and aims to become a starting point for researchers who are initiating their endeavors in MANAL research field. In addition, we seek to present a comprehensive review of the recent breakthroughs in the field, providing links to the most interesting and successful advances in this research field.

/pdf/a-survey-on-mobile-anchor-node-assisted-localization-in-cye1ebv78f.pdf

A Survey on Mobile Anchor Node Assisted Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks

Recent advances in semiconductor laser and light emitting diode devices, able to efficiently operate in the solar blind regime, have brought the oblivious ultraviolet C-Band (UV-C) communications to the fore again. The non-light-of-sight transmission ability as well as the negligible background noise effect are a few of the intriguing benefits offered by this alternative broadband wireless solution. Motivated by such inherent characteristics, the current survey presents a quick and clear entry point to the topic, useful to the researchers who first get confronted with UV-C communications. To better understand the UV-C systems, a brief classification in the introductory section and a trace back to the historical evolution of this technology from its very beginnings to the current trends are provided. Then, several aspects related to the transceiver device characteristics are addressed, whereas particular emphasis is given on channel modeling including the major degrading effects, such as absorption and scattering. Modulation and multiple access schemes as well as other ways for performance enhancement as diversity and encoding techniques are also summarized. Since networking is necessary to overcome the short UV-C range, interference, connectivity, and coverage issues are thoroughly investigated. Finally, the study is concluded with a discussion regarding the challenges needed to make UV-C systems able to meet the high demands of the next generation wireless networks.

A Survey on Ultraviolet C-Band (UV-C) Communications

One primary challenge in wireless ultraviolet communications (UVCs) is the inter-symbol-interference (ISI), which may block the detection of current informative signal, especially when channel-related characteristics are unknown In this paper, we propose a UV channel-related Bayesian scheme that can simultaneously estimate the channel characteristics and detect informative signals, which therefore can address the ISI disturbance By investigating the UV single-scattering photon model, the dynamic behaviors of the channel state information (CSI), which involve the uncertain signal and the unknown channel parameters are formulated Hence, a sequential Bayesian process is suggested to estimate the UV CSI Numerical analysis shows that the proposed scheme can obtain a promising estimation performance (ie, the relative errors are less than 4%), and gain an extra 4dB detection performance compared with imperfect maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) scheme

Simultaneous channel estimation and signal detection in wireless ultraviolet communications combating inter-symbol-interference.

In this paper, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, polar codes are introduced and experimentally implemented in a free space optical (FSO) communication system to combat atmospheric turbulence induced fading. By analyzing the characteristics of the turbulence channel, a method of evaluating the channel state information for polar decoding is proposed that can achieve good trade-off between the performance and the computational complexity of this polar coded system. To verify our scheme, an intensity modulation direct detection FSO communication experimental platform with a turbulence chamber is established. For the weak turbulence condition, comparing with the low-density parity check codes, the experimental results show that our proposed scheme has stronger error correcting capacity and lower computational complexity in combating the turbulence induced fading. Moreover, for moderate and strong turbulence conditions, the gamma-gamma turbulence model is adopted for constructing the Monte Carlo simulation. The results of the experiment and simulation both show that our proposed scheme can effectively combat atmospheric turbulence induced fading with a relatively low computational complexity in a wide range of turbulence conditions.

Performance investigation of the polar coded FSO communication system over turbulence channel

Ultraviolet communication (UVC) serves as a promising supplement to share the responsibility for the overloads in conventional wireless communication systems. One difficulty lies in how to address the inter-symbol-interference (ISI) from the strong scattering nature and the time-varying channel response. This is more challenging for the energy-constrained scenarios (e.g., underwater UV), as existing coherent schemes (i.e., requiring exact channel information for signal detection) become less attractive given the computational and storaging complexity for repeated time-varying channel estimation and statistical signal detection. In this work, a novel non-coherent paradigm is proposed, via the exploration of the UV signal features that are insensitive to the ISI. By optimally weighting and combining the extracted features to minimize the bit error rate (BER), the optimally-weighted non-coherent detection (OWNCD) is proposed, which converts the signal detection with ISI into a binary detection framework, with a heuristic weight updating approach for time-varying channel. As such, the proposed OWNCD avoids the complex channel estimation and guarantees the detection accuracy. Compared to the state-of-the-art coherent maximum likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) in the cases of static and time-varying channel response, the proposed OWNCD can gain $\sim$ 1 dB and $\sim$ 8 dB in signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) at the 7 $\%$ overhead forward-error-correction (FEC) limit (BER of $4.5\times 10^{-3}$ ), respectively, and can also reduce the computational complexity by 4 order of magnitude.

/pdf/non-coherent-detection-for-ultraviolet-communications-with-1i4bgdtobh.pdf

Non-Coherent Detection for Ultraviolet Communications With Inter-Symbol Interference

In this paper a polar coding scheme for ultraviolet communication (UVC) systems is proposed and experimentally implemented to address the high path loss propagation, which severely deteriorates the communication performance. Firstly, we analyze the property of the path loss in the optical domain by applying the particle-wave duality to the existing path loss model. Considering the characteristic of the UV channel, we design a polar code with specific channel correlations, and study the computational complexity in terms of the code length. A new theoretical Bhattacharyya upper-bound for the general polar codes is introduced and applied to the UV channel in order to derive a minimum code length without impairing a required bit error rate performance. Numerical simulations and off-line experimental investigations validate the proposed polar coding scheme, which can effectively combat path loss induced performance deterioration with a relatively low computational complexity.

Research on channel-related polar code with an optimum code length for wireless ultraviolet communications

We propose a scheme of ultraviolet (UV) communication system, with polar channel coding method. The bit error rate (BER) performance of the UV polar code scheme is analyzed by simulations and offline experiments, in contrast with low-density parity-check (LDPC) scheme. Results suggest that the polar code scheme has a better BER performance than LDPC scheme in the UV communication system.

A scheme of ultraviolet communication system with polar channel coding

The growing demand for access to high-capacity wireless communication systems opens up the need for the alternative and complementary technology of optical wireless communications including ultraviolet (UV). In modern wireless communications networks the users and data security, which is extremely important in order to ensure users’ data protection and confidentiality, has become a hot topic. In this paper, we investigate security in a UV communications system by adopting two well-known coding schemes of low-density parity-check (LDPC) and polar codes (PCs). We show that the UV system with coding offers enhanced security performance compared to the un-coded system with the PCs offering a higher security level and a longer transmission span compared to the LDPC.

/pdf/security-performance-of-ldpc-and-polar-codes-in-uv-wireless-26u0wp3dvn.pdf

Security Performance of LDPC and Polar Codes in UV Wireless Communications

The polar codes (PCs) has been shown to effectively enhance the transmission distance of ultraviolet communication (UVC) systems, however, an optimized decoding algorithm for PCs is required to reduce the interference and the path-loss propagation attenuation. In this paper, a successive cancellation list (SCL) decoder scheme is proposed and implemented over the classic successive cancellation (SC) decoding algorithm by extending decoding path using the UV path loss particle model. Numerical simulations are performed to show the performance improvement of SCL decoding scheme for PCs in UVC that combined with cyclic redundancy check (CRC) joint detection decoding.

Investigating the optimal SCL decoding algorithm for polar codes in ultraviolet communication

With little interference from atmospheric environment, the prospect of ultraviolet (UV) communication in the solar blind region (220 nm–280 nm) is promising. Due to the large path-loss propagation and the no-line-of-sight (NLOS) attenuation, the intensities of UV beams may be severely degraded, and thereby the efficient transmission distance is heavily decreased. In this paper, we design and implement a scheme of UV communication system, with polar channel coding to enhance the efficient transmission distance. Both numerical and experimental results show that our scheme is able to reach a longer efficient transmission distance in contrast with the existing low-density parity-check (LDPC) scheme and uncoded OOK scheme, in the UV communication system.

Polar Channel Coding for the Ultraviolet Communication System Combating Path-Loss Propagation and NLOS Effects

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