Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been intensely researched for more than two decades. Electrolyte formulations are one of the bottlenecks to their successful commercialization, since these result in trade-offs between the photovoltaic performance and long-term performance stability. The corrosive nature of the redox shuttles in the electrolytes is an additional limitation for industrial-scale production of DSSCs, especially with low cost metallic electrodes. Numerous electrolyte formulations have been developed and tested in various DSSC configurations to address the aforementioned challenges. Here, we comprehensively review the progress on the development and application of electrolytes for DSSCs. We particularly focus on the improvements that have been made in different types of electrolytes, which result in enhanced photovoltaic performance and long-term device stability of DSSCs. Several recently introduced electrolyte materials are reviewed, and the role of electrolytes in different DSSC device designs is critically assessed. To sum up, we provide an overview of recent trends in research on electrolytes for DSSCs and highlight the advantages and limitations of recently reported novel electrolyte compositions for producing low-cost and industrially scalable solar cell technology.

/pdf/progress-on-electrolytes-development-in-dye-sensitized-solar-4fgx01rxte.pdf

Progress on Electrolytes Development in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells.

Increasing the efficiency of TiO2-based DSSC by means of a double layer RF-sputtered thin film blocking layer

Thin-film solar cells, due to their low material usage and flexible substrates compatibility, have the potential to fill market niches for photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Among them, the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cell is a widely deployed mature technology. However, the usage of scarce material like Ga and In is considered a major hindrance for its further scaling up. The commercial opportunity of its promising counterpart Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) with a similar structure but low-cost potential, has not yet been fully recognized. In this paper, the bottom-up approach is used to build models of cost analysis for CZTS on the different substrates with their probability distribution simulated by the Monte Carlo method. The resulting production costs are $41–52 per m2, making them economically attractive. Prospective strategies for further cost reduction are also suggested. The fundamental technical features of CZTS are reviewed, identifying the large efficiency potential of this PV technology. Analysis of different market opportunities is performed to fit the market demands better. Moreover, possible constraints and promising pathways towards the commercialization of the emerging CZTS technology are proposed.

Analysis of manufacturing cost and market niches for Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) solar cells

Dye-sensitized solar cells have been under development for the last three decades but are yet to see the market. This has been attributed to stability issues of the electrolyte in the cell. Electrolytes can be liquid, quasi-solid, or solid. Liquid electrolytes were the first to be developed and, therefore, have been subject to radical revisions in both composition and applicability. They have shown the best power conversion efficiencies but have poor thermal stability. Although quasi-solid and solid-state electrolytes were developed to overcome these stability issues, they too have their limits. The aim of this paper is to explore the development of liquid electrolytes, outlining the current state of the technology and considering their potential in the photovoltaic market.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/13/5129/pdf?version=1688380427

A Review on Liquid Electrolyte Stability Issues for Commercialization of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)

The electrochemical corrosion of commercial indium tin oxide (ITO) glasses enabled the preparation of a low-cost nanoporous ITO film-based sensor exhibiting a high NO2 response. The NO2 sensing characteristics of the nanoporous ITO films were studied at different processing voltages and test temperatures. Under the optimal test condition (10 V, 100 °C), the response of the sensor was 3.1 to 0.1 ppm NO2 and 180–500 ppm NO2. Compared with previous literature, the as-obtained sensor has a low working temperature (100 °C), wide detection range (0.1–500 ppm NO2), and high response (12.34 1 ppm NO2). Moreover, the sensor exhibited excellent repeatability and a high selectivity toward NO2. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller was employed to study the structural changes of the ITO film due to electrochemical corrosion and revealed a nanoporous structure with abundant surface hydroxyl groups. The influences of the nanoporous structure and surface hydroxyl groups on the response are discussed in detail. Finally, it was found that the Langmuir model provided a good fit to the working curve of the sensor, and thus explains the mechanism of the enhanced response based on the nanoporous structure. Overall, this study demonstrates that an electrochemically corroded ITO film is suitable for detecting NO2.

Low-cost high- performance NO2 sensor based on nanoporous indium tin oxide (ITO) film

Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC), one of the promising technology for renewable energy, has reached good performance in laboratory scale. In order to be implemented in practical use, it has become a necessity to enlarge the small size DSSC into large area (module) and to optimize stability of the module. In this study, dye sensitized solar sub-modules were fabricated with a size of 33 mm × 50 mm consisting of two active cells, each with a size of 10 mm × 50 mm, which are interconnected in type-z series. Working electrode of the sub-modules was prepared using a screen printing technique to deposit the TiO 2 paste on glass conductive substrate with TiCl 4 pre-treatment and post-treatment. The sub-modules were assembled using two types of sealant to investigate the effect of sealant on lifetime of the sub-module. I–V measurement using sun simulator with light intensity of 500 watt/m2 was applied twice in the range of six days to obtain the sub-module lifetime stability result. From the first I–V test, the highest photoconversion efficiency of the sub-module was 3.58%. In the second test results, the photoconversion efficiency was decreased significantly with the lowest percentage of efficiency degradation was 95.81%.

Stability optimization of TiO 2 dye-sensitized solar sub-modules in Z-type series interconnection

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Stability optimization of TiO 2 dye-sensitized solar sub-modules in Z-type series interconnection