Every year man-made and natural disasters impact the lives of millions of people. The frequency of occurrence of such disasters is steadily increasing since the last 50 years, and this has resulted in considerable loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, and social and economic disruption. A focussed and comprehensive solution is needed encompassing all aspects, including early detection of disaster scenarios, prevention, recovery, and management to minimize the losses. This survey paper presents a critical analysis of the existing methods and technologies that are relevant to a disaster scenario, such as WSN, remote sensing technique, artificial intelligence, IoT, UAV, and satellite imagery, to encounter the issues associated with disaster monitoring, detection, and management. In case of emergency conditions arising out of a typical disaster scenario, there is a strong likelihood that the communication networks will be partially disrupted; thus the alternate networks can play a vital role in disaster detection and management. It focuses on the role of the alternate networks and the associated technologies in maintaining connectivity in various disaster scenarios. It presents a comprehensive study on multiple disasters such as landslide, forest fire, and an earthquake based on the latest technologies to monitor, detect, and manage the various disasters. It focuses on several parameters that are necessary for disaster detection and monitoring and offers appropriate solutions. It also touches upon big data analytics for disaster management. Several techniques are explored, along with their merits and demerits. Open challenges are highlighted, and possible future directions are given.

Multi-hazard disaster studies: monitoring, detection, recovery, and management, based on emerging technologies and optimal techniques

Disastrous events are one of the most challenging applications of multihop ad hoc networks due to possible damages of existing telecommunication infrastructure. The deployed cellular communication infrastructure might be partially or completely destroyed after a natural disaster. Multihop ad hoc communication is an interesting alternative to deal with the lack of communications in disaster scenarios. They have evolved since their origin, leading to different ad hoc paradigms such as MANETs, VANETs, DTNs, or WSNs. This paper presents a survey on multihop ad hoc network paradigms for disaster scenarios. It highlights their applicability to important tasks in disaster relief operations. More specifically, the paper reviews the main work found in the literature, which employed ad hoc networks in disaster scenarios. In addition, it discusses the open challenges and the future research directions for each different ad hoc paradigm.

A survey on multihop ad hoc networks for disaster response scenarios

A review of forest fire surveillance technologies: Mobile ad-hoc network routing protocols perspective

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are becoming a promising and popular way to carry out ubiquitous computing in numerous vital applications. Unique characteristics of these spontaneous networks induce several challenges in the resource constraint environment. In this paper, firstly, we discuss these challenges and research work carried out for various applications of MANETs. Operations of routing protocol become vital in this unstable multi-hop environment. In this paper, we present classification of MANET routing protocols and study a popular reactive routing protocol, Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV). We also study basic operations of AODV and, present its variants and real world implementations. Furthermore, we study the design issues of AODV protocol and review the recent research works carried out to enhance AODV protocol addressing these issues. In spite of the research work of over a decade on the AODV design, there still exist open challenges that pave the way for further research on this prominent on-demand protocol.

Mobile Ad-hoc Networking with AODV: A Review

With the growing increase of disasters worldwide, in terms of frequencies, intensities and unpredictability, there is currently a growing need for novel ubiquitous communication systems enabling public safety networks (PSN). Disaster operations require real-time and low latency data communication, in live video and audio streaming, as well as in integration with social networks. In this context, existing network infrastructures might be either damaged or overloaded. Thus, it is expected that wireless Body-to-Body Networks (B2Bs) could play a key role in setting-up tactical PSN deployments enabling effective and reliable disaster response and management. In addition to the challenges with radio technologies and their inter-operability, coexistence and energy consumption issues, routing is also an important and critical challenge for the PSN. In this paper we propose a novel wireless B2B routing protocol, called “Optimized Routing Approach for Critical and Emergency Networks (ORACE-Net)” to enhance routing performance in disaster relief. ORACE-Net aims to exploit dynamic B2B communications between wearable networks to establish and maintain a mobile dynamic communication backbone. Analytical evaluations are conducted to analyze the communication overheads of ORACE-Net in comparison to existing routing standards, including Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector version 2 (AODVv2), Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2) and Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR). Extensive simulations are then performed under realistic assumptions and synthetic mobility models, and show that ORACE-Net outperforms conventional routing approaches in terms of packet reception rate, energy consumption and fairly performed in terms of delay compared to the other approaches.

ORACE-Net: A novel multi-hop body-to-body routing protocol for public safety networks

A mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that can dynamically configure a network without a fixed infrastructure or central administration. This makes it ideal for emergency and rescue scenarios, where sharing information is essential and should occur as soon as possible. This article discusses which of the routing strategies for mobile MANETs: proactive, reactive or hierarchical, has a better performance in such scenarios. By selecting a real urban area for the emergency and rescue scenario, we calculated the density of nodes and the mobility model needed for the validation study of AODV, DSDV and CBRP in the routing model. The NS2 simulator has been used for our study. We also show that the hierarchical routing strategies are better suited for this type of scenarios.

Review: Behavior of Ad Hoc routing protocols, analyzed for emergency and rescue scenarios, on a real urban area

Providing QoS in the context of Ad Hoc networks includes a very wide field of application from the perspective of every level of the architecture in the network. In order for simulation studies to be useful, it is very important that the simulation results match as closely as possible with the test bed results. In this Paper, we study the throughput performance (parameter QoS) in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and compares emulated test bed results with simulation results from NS2 (Network Simulator). The performance of the Mobile Ad Hoc Networks is very sensitive to the number of users and the offered load. When the number of users/offered load is high then the collisions increase resulting in larger wastage of the medium and lowering overall throughput. The aim of this research is to compare the throughput of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks using three different scenarios: 97, 100 and 120 users (nodes) using simulator NS2. By analyzing the graphs in MANETs, it is concluded When the number of users o nodes is increased beyond the certain limit, throughput decreases.

Assessment of Throughput Performance under NS2 in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)

A mobile ad hoc network MANET is a collection of wireless mobile nodes that can dynamically configure a network without a fixed infrastructure or centralized administration. This makes it ideal for emergency and rescue scenarios where information sharing is essential and should occur as soon as possible. This article discusses which of the routing strategies for mobile ad hoc networks: proactive, reactive and hierarchical, have a better performance in such scenarios. Using a real urban area being set for the emergency and rescue scenario, we calculate the density of nodes and the mobility model needed for validation. The NS2 simulator has been used in our study. We also show that the hierarchical routing strategies are beffer suited for this type of scenarios.

/pdf/analysis-of-ad-hoc-routing-protocols-for-emergency-and-2guhosyru9.pdf

Analysis of ad hoc routing protocols for emergency and rescue scenarios

We show a cluster based routing protocol in order to improve the convergence of the clusters and of the network it is proposed to use a backup cluster head The use of a event discrete simulator is used for the implementation and the simulation of a hierarchical routing protocol called the Backup Cluster Head Protocol (BCHP) Finally it is shown that the BCHP protocol improves the convergence and availability of the network through a comparative analysis with the Ad Hoc On Demand Distance Vector (AODV)[1] routing protocol and Cluster Based Routing Protocol (CBRP)[2]

Improving availability of mobile networks using a cluster routing protocol with redundant cluster head

Providing QoS in the context of Ad Hoc networks includes a very wide field of application from the perspective of every level of the architecture in the network. Saying It in another way, It is possible to speak about QoS when a network is capable of guaranteeing a trustworthy communication in both extremes, between any couple of the network nodes by means of an efficient Management and administration of the resources that allows a suitable differentiation of services in agreement with the characteristics and demands of every single application.The principal objective of this article is the analysis of the quality parameters of service that protocols of routering reagents such as AODV and DSR give in the Ad Hoc mobile Networks; all of this is supported by the simulator ns-2. Here were going to analyze the behavior of some other parameters like effective channel, loss of packages and latency in the protocols of routering. Were going to show you which protocol presents better characteristics of Quality of Service (QoS) in the MANET networks.

/pdf/analysis-of-qos-parameter-in-aodv-a-dsr-in-mobile-ad-hoc-1pg17asi61.pdf

Analysis of qos parameter in aodv a dsr in mobile ad hoc networks

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