Smart stimuli-responsive implantable drug delivery systems for programmed and on-demand cancer treatment: An overview on the emerging materials

Nanotherapeutics approaches to overcome P-glycoprotein-mediated multi-drug resistance in cancer.

In this paper, we discuss the role of particle therapy-a novel radiation therapy (RT) that has shown rapid progress and widespread use in recent years-in multidisciplinary treatment. Three types of particle therapies are currently used for cancer treatment: proton beam therapy (PBT), carbon-ion beam therapy (CIBT), and boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). PBT and CIBT have been reported to have excellent therapeutic results owing to the physical characteristics of their Bragg peaks. Variable drug therapies, such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and immunotherapy, are combined in various treatment strategies, and treatment effects have been improved. BNCT has a high dose concentration for cancer in terms of nuclear reactions with boron. BNCT is a next-generation RT that can achieve cancer cell-selective therapeutic effects, and its effectiveness strongly depends on the selective 10B accumulation in cancer cells by concomitant boron preparation. Therefore, drug delivery research, including nanoparticles, is highly desirable. In this review, we introduce both clinical and basic aspects of particle beam therapy from the perspective of multidisciplinary treatment, which is expected to expand further in the future.

A Critical Review of Radiation Therapy: From Particle Beam Therapy (Proton, Carbon, and BNCT) to Beyond

The paper provides an introduction to biomaterials covered and their available types, such as metal, ceramic, polymer, and composites. Biomaterials are structures, devices, or materials that may repair or implant tissue. Biomaterials are biocompatible that have high mechanical strength, and need a long time to break down. A biomaterial is any natural or synthetic material that regularly touches the human body or is utilized to replace or restore biological tissue—metallic systems in the body and numerous ceramic and polymeric implant materials and systems. Polymers as biomaterials have had a significant impact on medical technology development. Furthermore, features of biomaterials such as mechanical, physical, and chemical qualities have been detailed to assist users in selecting the best biomaterial for their needs based on these properties. While these materials do not replace human tissues’ function, they have good physical and mechanical qualities that allow them to be used as body tissue substitutes. Apart from this, biomaterials are applied in various fields, including medicine and pharmacy. Biodegradable polymeric biomaterials, in particular, offer the advantage of being able to be broken down and removed once their purpose is completed. The most common biomaterials are used in tissue engineering, medicine delivery systems, orthopedic, orthodontic, wound healing, and cardiovascular applications. The conclusion summarizes that biomaterials are the most advantageous in medical science. Biomaterial and cellular biology researchers have been working to make biomanufacturing technologies more broadly available for a long time. The main area of focus is medicine, where technology is critical in studying and preventing uncommon diseases.

A role of biomaterials in tissue engineering and drug encapsulation

Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer is a serious ongoing global health burden, with an overall 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. One major hurdle in the treatment of this disease is the predominantly elderly patient population, leading to their ineligibility for curative surgery and a low rate of successful outcomes. Systemic administration introduces chemo-agents throughout the body via the blood, attacking not only tumours but also healthy organs. When localised interventions are employed, chemo-agents are retained specifically at tumour site, minimizing unwanted toxicity. As a result, there is a growing interest in finding novel localised interventions as alternatives to systemic therapy. Here, we present a detailed review of current locoregional therapies used in pancreatic cancer therapy. This work aims to present a thorough guide for researchers and clinicians intended to employ established and novel localised interventions in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, we present our insights and opinions on the potential ideals to improve these tools. Abstract Pancreatic cancer (PC) remains the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and the third in the United States, making it one of the most lethal solid malignancies. Unfortunately, the symptoms of this disease are not very apparent despite an increasing incidence rate. Therefore, at the time of diagnosis, 45% of patients have already developed metastatic tumours. Due to the aggressive nature of the pancreatic tumours, local interventions are required in addition to first-line treatments. Locoregional interventions affect a specific area of the pancreas to minimize local tumour recurrence and reduce the side effects on surrounding healthy tissues. However, compared to the number of new studies on systemic therapy, very little research has been conducted on localised interventions for PC. To address this unbalanced focus and to shed light on the tremendous potentials of locoregional therapies, this work will provide a detailed discussion of various localised treatment strategies. Most importantly, to the best of our knowledge, the aspect of localised drug delivery systems used in PC was unprecedentedly discussed in this work. This review is meant for researchers and clinicians considering utilizing local therapy for the effective treatment of PC, providing a thorough guide on recent advancements in research and clinical trials toward locoregional interventions, together with the authors’ insight into their potential improvements.

/pdf/pancreatic-cancer-challenges-and-opportunities-in-2k5zqavm.pdf

Pancreatic Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities in Locoregional Therapies

Biofunctional polymers have been extensively studied for more than 50 years. Some of these polymers are defined as materials that respond to chemical stimuli, such as the concentration of certain chemicals and pH change, and physical stimuli, such as heat (temperature change), magnetic field, light, and electric field. They are also classified as “smart” materials. Needless to say, human beings are dynamic organisms. To achieve more sophisticated drug treatment, or to supersede biological functions, the use of smart materials is inevitable. The development of polymer chemistry that precisely controls the molecular chain has contributed to the development of smart materials. Moreover, integration with nanotechnology is also essential. In this chapter, how to design smart materials and how it applies to the biomedical fields are introduced.

Responsive Polymeric Architectures and Their Biomaterial Applications

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14686996.2021.1939152

A Diels-Alder polymer platform for thermally enhanced drug release toward efficient local cancer chemotherapy.

This study demonstrates the rational fabrication of a magnetic composite nanofiber mesh that can achieve mutual synergy of hyperthermia, chemotherapy, and thermo-molecularly targeted therapy for highly potent therapeutic effects. The nanofiber is composed of biodegradable poly(e-caprolactone) with doxorubicin, magnetic nanoparticles, and 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin. The nanofiber exhibits distinct hyperthermia, owing to the presence of magnetic nanoparticles upon exposure of the mesh to an alternating magnetic field, which causes heat-induced cell killing as well as enhanced chemotherapeutic efficiency of doxorubicin. The effectiveness of hyperthermia is further enhanced through the inhibition of heat shock protein activity after hyperthermia by releasing the inhibitor 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin. These findings represent a smart nanofiber system for potent cancer therapy and may provide a new approach for the development of localized medication delivery.

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/5/2542/pdf

A Smart Hyperthermia Nanofiber-Platform-Enabled Sustained Release of Doxorubicin and 17AAG for Synergistic Cancer Therapy.

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Responsive Polymeric Architectures and Their Biomaterial Applications

A Diels-Alder polymer platform for thermally enhanced drug release toward efficient local cancer chemotherapy.

A Smart Hyperthermia Nanofiber-Platform-Enabled Sustained Release of Doxorubicin and 17AAG for Synergistic Cancer Therapy.