Integrated operation of PV assisted ground source heat pump and air source heat pump system: Performance analysis and economic optimization

Performance investigation on an air source heat pump system with latent heat thermal energy storage

The horizontal ground heat exchanger (HGHE) integrated with the heat pump unit can be defined as the horizontal GSHP system. Most horizontal GSHP systems are always operating at a rated flowrate in the secondary loop, resulting in the electricity waste of circulation pump when the system operates in partial load. This study aimed to compare the thermal and economic performance of horizontal GSHP systems with different flowrate control approaches. Two novel variable flowrate regulation methods, namely the segmented and time-varying flowrate control (SFC and TFC) method, together with the traditional constant flowrate control (CFC) method, were employed in the secondary loop of system. 3D numerical model of the HGHE considering the isotropic porous soils and varying ambient environmental conditions was built and coupled with the model of heat pump to analyze the heating and economic efficiency of the horizontal GSHP system. Considering that the buried depth of HGHE, H, may vary in different conditions, the impact of flowrate control methods in various H was analyzed. The results reveal that compared with the CFC and SFC method, the variation range of the fluid temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the HGHE, ΔTf, and system COP, COPsys, are smallest and the level of ΔTf and COPsys are greatest for the TFC method. The system operation costs and electricity charges proportion of water pump can decrease by up to 9.80% and 47.26% as the control method varies from CFC to TFC, but the differences between the variable flow control technologies are not significant. The discrepancy of COPsys and operation costs between the constant and variable flowrate control methods decrease by 39.13% and 48.72% with the increases of H. This study highlights the significance of using variable flowrate regulation methods in the secondary loop of the horizontal GSHP system to improve thermal and economic performance. 

Thermal and economic performance of horizontal ground source heat pump systems with different flowrate control methods

Design strategy and techno-economic optimization for hybrid ground heat exchangers of ground source heat pump system

With the global penetration of skin care awareness and upgrading of personal care awareness, the use rate of cosmetics and personal skin care products has been increasing worldwide. It is particularly important to monitor the quality and safety of skin cosmetics. In accordance with the requirements of the 7th Amendment of the European Cosmetics Directive 1223/2009, in vitro test methods have been developed to replace animal experiments, such as the 2D test, 3D test, microfluidic skin chip test, etc. The microfluidic skin chip overcomes the shortcomings of the 2D test and the 3D test that lack the complexity of human skin through fine control of the human skin microenvironment and induction of relevant mechanical stimulation. High similarity to real human skin through simulation of the vascular system and immune response. Therefore, the microfluidic skin chip is considered as a valuable and effective tool for the in vitro screening of cosmetics. In this paper, we reviewed the detection methods and technologies of common chemical substances, toxic elements, active substances and adverse reactions in vitro in quality monitoring of cosmetics. The most advantageous microfluidic skin chip technology is also introduced. The material and technology progress of skin chips used in cosmetic screening is reviewed and discussed. Then the application of microfluidic design in cosmetic screening in vitro is summarized.

Advancements in microfluidics for skin cosmetic screening.

Effect of environmental thermal disturbance on effective thermal conductivity of ground source heat pump system

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Advancements in microfluidics for skin cosmetic screening.

Effect of environmental thermal disturbance on effective thermal conductivity of ground source heat pump system