Mechanoluminescence (ML), the phenomenon of light emission triggered by mechanical force on a solid material, has gained significant attention in recent years. ML functional devices have represented an important research field with potential impact in a wide realm of materials, scientific disciplines, technologies, and engineering applications. Within the realm of ML emission, the spectral characteristics and overall intensity emerge as pivotal factors for practical utilization. In this review, we focus on the development strategies, with an emphasis on their brightness and color properties, while delving into the associated mechanisms governing structure and performance. Subsequently, we navigate through the cutting-edge advancements in ML functional devices, particularly in burgeoning fields such as self-power sensors, information security, engineering structure diagnosis, and biomedical applications. Finally, existing challenges and future perspectives are proposed, aiming to overcoming current obstacles and propel concerted efforts in the field. 

Mechanoluminescent functional devices: developments, applications and prospects

Stretchable polymeric fibers have enormous potential, but their production requires rigorous environmental controls and considerable resource consumption. It's also challenging for elastic polymers with high performance but poor spinnability, such as silicones like polydimethylsiloxane and Ecoflex. We present a hydrogel-assisted microfluidic spinning (HAMS) method to address these challenges by encapsulating their prepolymers within arbitrarily long, protective, and sacrificable hydrogel fibers. By designing simple apparatuses and manipulating the fluidic and interfacial self-adaptations of oil/water flows, we successfully produce fibers with widely controllable diameter (0.04 to 3.70 millimeters), notable length, high quality (e.g., smooth surface, whole-length uniformity, and rounded section), and remarkable stretchability (up to 1300%) regardless of spinnability. Uniquely, this method allows an easy, effective, and controllable reshaping production of helical fibers with exceptional stretchability and mechanical compliance. We deeply reveal the mechanisms in producing these fibers and demonstrate their potential as textile components, optoelectronic devices, and actuators. The HAMS method would be a powerful tool for mass-producing high-quality stretchable fibers.

Hydrogel-assisted microfluidic spinning of stretchable fibers via fluidic and interfacial self-adaptations

Flexible electronic devices with mechanosensory functionality are regarded as key enablers toward versatile wearable applications, such as electronic skin, personal healthcare, and human–machine interfaces. Recently, biomimicry of the visual stimuli expression of biological skins has provided great inspiration for realizing novel interactive mechanosensory systems with advanced responsive visualization as well as electrical performances. Herein, recent advances in interactive mechanosensory electronics with luminescence and coloration outputs regarding wearable applications are reviewed. Drawing on luminescence/coloration mechanisms, a series of optical components are briefly described, which include electroluminescence (EL), mechanoluminescence (ML), photoluminescence (PL), triboelectrification-induced EL (TIEL), electrochromic (EC), thermochromic (TC), and mechanochromic (MC) components. Furthermore, different types of interactive mechanosensory electronics based on varying optical elements are outlined, focusing primarily on their structural designs and versatile applications in wearable electronics. Finally, the main challenges and perspectives are proposed for the future development of these emerging devices. 

Recent Advances in Interactive Mechanosensory Electronics with Luminescence/Coloration Outputs for Wearable Applications

For cotton fabric dyeing, a significant quantity of salt and water are typically consumed in the conventional water dyeing bath. In this study, an environmentally friendly alternative was investigated that could eliminate water waste and salt usage, as well as reducing chemical consumption. This method, which employs a hydrophobic organic chemical/water two-phase dyeing system, solely involves fiber swelling, dye dissolution, and the use of alkaline agents. By substituting the water required for heat and mass with an organic chemical, 71.43% dye reduction can be achieved in dye consumption compared to traditional water-based dyeing method. Benefiting from the natural affinity between dyes and cotton fibers, without any interaction with hydrophobic organic chemicals, reactive dye can diffuse into the fiber surface, which can achieve above 98% dye uptake and 90% fixation rate. The K/S value of the dyed cotton fabric is much higher than that of conventional water bath at the same dye concentration, and it is the highest when the water content is 120 %. Moreover, the uniform distribution of dye and the color fastness of the dyed fabric are comparable to traditional water-based dyeing. Due to the influence of intermolecular forces, the aggregation of dye is changed to varying degrees in different hydrophilic and hydrophobic cotton fiber dyeing systems, which further influences the dyeing quality. This study not only improves the utilization of dye but achieves salt-free, no wastewater emission and reduces the dyeing cost, providing an economical and sustainable dyeing method for the industrial dyeing of cotton fabric. 

Efficient zero wastewater and salt-free of cotton fiber dyeing via hydrophobic organic chemical/water two-phase dyeing system

Electrophysiological monitoring is a commonly used medical procedure designed to capture the electrical signals generated by the body and promptly identify any abnormal health conditions. Wearable sensors are of great significance in signal acquisition for electrophysiological monitoring. Traditional electrophysiological monitoring devices are often bulky and have many complex accessories and thus, are only suitable for limited application scenarios. Hydrogels optimized based on nanomaterials are lightweight with excellent stretchable and electrical properties, solving the problem of high-quality signal acquisition for wearable sensors. Therefore, the development of hydrogels based on nanomaterials brings tremendous potential for wearable physiological signal monitoring sensors. This review first introduces the latest advancement of hydrogels made from different nanomaterials, such as nanocarbon materials, nanometal materials, and two-dimensional transition metal compounds, in physiological signal monitoring sensors. Second, the versatile properties of these stretchable composite hydrogel sensors are reviewed. Then, their applications in various electrophysiological signal monitoring, such as electrocardiogram monitoring, electromyographic signal analysis, and electroencephalogram monitoring, are discussed. Finally, the current application status and future development prospects of nanomaterial-optimized hydrogels in wearable physiological signal monitoring sensors are summarized. We hope this review will inspire future development of wearable electrophysiological signal monitoring sensors using nanomaterial-based hydrogels. 

Recent Advances of Stretchable Nanomaterial-Based Hydrogels for Wearable Sensors and Electrophysiological Signals Monitoring

Continuous synthesis of ultra-fine fiber for wearable mechanoluminescent textile

Dyeing of polyester fabrics based on a liquid paraffin system: thermodynamic, kinetic, and molecular dynamics simulation studies

Abstract Understanding the dyeing behaviors of reactive dyes onto cotton in non-aqueous media is helpful to facilitate the development of sustainable non-aqueous dyeing. Here, the thermodynamic characteristics of cotton dyeing with reactive dyes in the non-aqueous media of liquid paraffin (LP) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5), were investigated and compared to those in aqueous medium. The results showed that the adsorption isotherms of the reactive dyes in LP, D5, and water media accorded with the Freundlich model, indicating that the dyeing proceeded via the physical adsorption of multi-molecular layers. Furthermore, the dyeing enthalpy and dyeing entropy of cotton dyeing using reactive dyes in LP and D5 media were positive, which was significantly different from those in an aqueous medium. These properties help to understand and interpret the dyeing properties and behavior of reactive dyes onto cotton in LP and D5 media.

/pdf/thermodynamic-characteristics-of-cotton-dyeing-with-reactive-msom1atz.pdf

Thermodynamic characteristics of cotton dyeing with reactive dyes in non-aqueous media

Synergy of propylene-based copolymer in high-melt-strength polypropylene for extrusion foaming process

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Continuous synthesis of ultra-fine fiber for wearable mechanoluminescent textile

Dyeing of polyester fabrics based on a liquid paraffin system: thermodynamic, kinetic, and molecular dynamics simulation studies

Thermodynamic characteristics of cotton dyeing with reactive dyes in non-aqueous media

Synergy of propylene-based copolymer in high-melt-strength polypropylene for extrusion foaming process