Diversity is prevalent in modern software systems to facilitate adapting the software to customer requirements or the execution environment. Diversity has an impact on all phases of the software development process. Appropriate means and organizational structures are required to deal with the additional complexity introduced by software variability. This introductory article to the special section "Software Diversity--Modeling, Analysis and Evolution" provides an overview of the current state of the art in diverse systems development and discusses challenges and potential solutions. The article covers requirements analysis, design, implementation, verification and validation, maintenance and evolution as well as organizational aspects. It also provides an overview of the articles which are part of this special section and addresses particular issues of diverse systems development.

/pdf/software-diversity-state-of-the-art-and-perspectives-5fgo46rv0m.pdf

Software diversity: state of the art and perspectives

Context: A software product line is a family of related software products, typically created from a set of common assets Users select features to derive a product that fulfills their needs Users often expect a product to have specific non-functional properties, such as a small footprint or a bounded response time Because a product line may have an exponential number of products with respect to its features, it is usually not feasible to generate and measure non-functional properties for each possible product Objective: Our overall goal is to derive optimal products with respect to non-functional requirements by showing customers which features must be selected Method: We propose an approach to predict a product's non-functional properties based on the product's feature selection We aggregate the influence of each selected feature on a non-functional property to predict a product's properties We generate and measure a small set of products and, by comparing measurements, we approximate each feature's influence on the non-functional property in question As a research method, we conducted controlled experiments and evaluated prediction accuracy for the non-functional properties footprint and main-memory consumption But, in principle, our approach is applicable for all quantifiable non-functional properties Results: With nine software product lines, we demonstrate that our approach predicts the footprint with an average accuracy of 94%, and an accuracy of over 99% on average if feature interactions are known In a further series of experiments, we predicted main memory consumption of six customizable programs and achieved an accuracy of 89% on average Conclusion: Our experiments suggest that, with only few measurements, it is possible to accurately predict non-functional properties of products of a product line Furthermore, we show how already little domain knowledge can improve predictions and discuss trade-offs between accuracy and required number of measurements With this technique, we provide a basis for many reasoning and product-derivation approaches

Scalable prediction of non-functional properties in software product lines: Footprint and memory consumption

We propose to see adaptive systems as systems with highly dynamic features. We model as features both the reconfigurations of the system, but also the changes of the environment, such as failure modes. The resilience of the system can then be defined as the fact that the system can select an adequate reconfiguration for each possible change of the environment. We must take into account that reconfiguration is often a major undertaking for the system: it has a high cost and it might make functions of the system unavailable for some time. These constraints are domain-specific. In this paper, we therefore provide a modelling language to describe these aspects, and a property language to describe the requirements on the adaptive system. We design algorithms that determine how the system must reconfigure itself to satisfy its intended requirements.

/pdf/model-checking-adaptive-software-with-featured-transition-59lerhjvn9.pdf

Model Checking Adaptive Software with Featured Transition Systems

What is modularity?Which kind of modularity should developers strive for? Despite decades of research on modularity, these basic questions have no definite answer. We submit that the common understanding of modularity, and in particular its notion of information hiding, is deeply rooted in classical logic. We analyze how classical modularity, based on classical logic, fails to address the needs of developers of large software systems, and encourage researchers to explore alternative visions of modularity, based on nonclassical logics, and henceforth called nonclassical modularity.

/pdf/revisiting-information-hiding-reflections-on-classical-and-1t1kipro4u.pdf

Revisiting information hiding: reflections on classical and nonclassical modularity

As software product lines are increasingly used for safety-critical systems, researchers have adapted formal verification techniques such as model checking and theorem proving to cope with compiletime variability. While the focus of the ongoing debate lies on the verification mechanisms itself, it becomes increasingly difficult for researchers to maintain an overview about the various accompanying modeling techniques. We survey existing approaches as a first step towards a unifying view on variability mechanisms in formal modeling techniques for product lines. We illustrate the approaches by means of a running example to illustrate their commonalities and differences.

/pdf/a-survey-on-modeling-techniques-for-formal-behavioral-eks1qu6ub4.pdf

A Survey on Modeling Techniques for Formal Behavioral Verification of Software Product Lines

Feature-oriented software designs capture many interesting notions of cross-cutting, and offer a powerful method for building product-line architectures. Each cross-cutting feature is an independen...

/pdf/verifying-cross-cutting-features-as-open-systems-pamjyob0iw.pdf

Verifying cross-cutting features as open systems

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Verifying cross-cutting features as open systems