
 Collective motion of organisms is a widespread phenomenon exhibited by many species, most commonly associated with colonial birds and schools of fish. The benefits of schooling behavior vary from defense against predators, increased feeding efficiency, and improved endurance. Schooling motions can be energetically beneficial as schools allow for channeling and vortex-based interactions, creating a less demanding stroke rate to sustain high swimming velocities and increased movement efficiency. Biomimetics is a fast-growing field, and there have been several attempts to quantify the hydrodynamics behind group dynamics and the subsequent benefits of increased maneuverability, which can be applied to unmanned vehicles and devices traveling in a group or swarm-like scenarios. Earlier efforts to understand these phenomena have been composed of physical experimentation and numerical simulations. This literature review examines the existing studies performed to understand the hydrodynamics of group collective motion inspired by schooling habits. Both numerical simulation and physical experimentation are discussed, and the benefits and drawbacks of the two approaches are compared to help future researchers and engineers expand on these models and concepts. This paper also identifies some of the limitations associated with different approaches to studies on fish schooling and suggests potential directions for future work.

A comprehensive review of hydrodynamic studies on fish schooling

Fish often travel in highly organized schools. One of the most quoted functions of these configurations is energy savings. Here, we verified the hypothesis and explored the mechanism through series of experiments on "schooling" robotic fish, which can undulate actively with flexible body, resembling real fish. We find that, when the school swims in the same spatial arrays as the real one, the energy consumption of the follower mainly depends on the phase difference, a phase angle by which the body wave of the follower leads or lags that of the leader, instead of spatial arrays. Further analysis through flow visualization indicates that the follower saves energy when the phase difference corresponds to the situation that the follower flaps in the same direction of the flow field induced by the vortex dipole shedding by the leader. Using biomimetic robots to verify the biological hypothesis in this paper also sheds new light on the connections among the fields of engineering, physics and biology.

Using Robotic Fish to Explore the Hydrodynamic Mechanism of Energy Saving in a Fish School

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Using Robotic Fish to Explore the Hydrodynamic Mechanism of Energy Saving in a Fish School