Energy storage devices that can deliver high powers have many applications, including hybrid vehicles and renewable energy. Much research has focused on increasing the power output of lithium batteries by reducing lithium-ion diffusion distances, but outputs remain far below those of electrochemical capacitors and below the levels required for many applications. Here, we report an alternative approach based on the redox reactions of functional groups on the surfaces of carbon nanotubes. Layer-by-layer techniques are used to assemble an electrode that consists of additive-free, densely packed and functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The electrode, which is several micrometres thick, can store lithium up to a reversible gravimetric capacity of approximately 200 mA h g(-1)(electrode) while also delivering 100 kW kg(electrode)(-1) of power and providing lifetimes in excess of thousands of cycles, both of which are comparable to electrochemical capacitor electrodes. A device using the nanotube electrode as the positive electrode and lithium titanium oxide as a negative electrode had a gravimetric energy approximately 5 times higher than conventional electrochemical capacitors and power delivery approximately 10 times higher than conventional lithium-ion batteries.

High-Power Lithium Batteries from Functionalized Carbon Nanotube Electrodes

Carbon nanotube- and graphene-based nanomaterials and applications in high-voltage supercapacitor: A review

Hard carbons (HCs) possess high lithium/sodium storage capacities, which however suffer from low electric conductivity and poor ion diffusion kinetics. An efficient structure design with appropriate heteroatoms doping and optimized graphitic/defective degree is highly desired to tackle these problems. This work reports a new design of N‐doped HC nanoshells (N‐GCNs) with homogeneous defective nanographite domains, fabricated through the prechelation between Ni2+ and chitosan and subsequent catalyst confined graphitization. The as‐prepared N‐GCNs deliver a high reversible lithium storage capacity of 1253 mA h g−1, with outstanding rate performance (175 mA h g−1 at a high rate of 20 A g−1) and good cycling stability, which outperforms most state‐of‐the‐art HCs. Meanwhile, a high reversible sodium storage capacity of 325 mA h g−1 is also obtained, which stabilizes at 174 mA h g−1 after 200 cycles. Density functional theory calculations are performed to uncover the coupling effect between heteroatom‐doping and the defective nanographitic domains down to the atomic scale. The in situ Raman analysis reveals the “adsorption mechanism” for sodium storage and the “adsorption–intercalation mechanism” for lithium storage of N‐GCNs.

N-Doping and Defective Nanographitic Domain Coupled Hard Carbon Nanoshells for High Performance Lithium/Sodium Storage

Carbon materials, with their diverse allotropes, have played significant roles in our daily life and the development of material science. Following 0D C60 and 1D carbon nanotube, 2D graphene materi...

3D Graphene Materials: From Understanding to Design and Synthesis Control.

Nanomaterials provide many desirable properties for electrochemical energy storage devices due to their nanoscale size effect, which could be significantly different from bulk or micron-sized materials. Particularly, confined dimensions play important roles in determining the properties of nanomaterials, such as the kinetics of ion diffusion, the magnitude of strain/stress, and the utilization of active materials. Nanowires, as one of the representative one-dimensional nanomaterials, have great capability for realizing a variety of applications in the fields of energy storage since they could maintain electron transport along the long axis and have a confinement effect across the diameter. In this review, we give a systematic overview of the state-of-the-art research progress on nanowires for electrochemical energy storage, from rational design and synthesis, in situ structural characterizations, to several important applications in energy storage including lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors. The problems and limitations in electrochemical energy storage and the advantages in utilizing nanowires to address the issues and improve the device performance are pointed out. At the end, we also discuss the challenges and demonstrate the prospective for the future development of advanced nanowire-based energy storage devices.

Nanowires for Electrochemical Energy Storage.

Graphene nanowires anchored to 3D graphene foam via self-assembly for high performance Li and Na ion storage

The invention provides a preparation method of graded foam metal of a porous structure and relates to the preparation method of the foam metal of the porous structure. The problems that pores of existing foam metal are sometimes closed, and thus heat dissipation and cooling performance is insufficient; besides, due to the fact that the sizes of the pores of the foam metal are large and are all of the millimeter level, filtering and purification are limited by the size; and when the foam metal is applied to an anode material of a lithium ion battery, the charge-discharge circulating performance is poor are solved. The method comprises the steps of (1), pre-treatment of the foam metal; (2), preparation of graphene oxide; (3), preparation of a mixed solution of the graphene oxide and a PS ball; (4), annealing treatment, and the graded foam metal of the porous structure is prepared. The method is used for preparing the graded foam metal of the porous structure.

Preparation method of graded foam metal of porous structure

The reversible capacity of commercial graphite anodes for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is in the range of 340–360 mA h g−1, which is lower than the theoretical value (372 mA h g−1). Pure graphene anodes with high reversible capacity (>372 mA h g−1) are still not used for industrial production due to their high discharge-voltage plateau, low initial coulombic efficiency, low tap density, etc. Herein, we synthesized new carbon anodes using large-size nitrogen-doped graphene-coated commercial graphite anodes (named LGAs) in which the commercial graphite was wrapped by a number (<5) of nitrogen-doped graphene (LNG) layers. The electrochemical performance of the LGAs was similar to that of commercial graphite, and the high tap density, low discharge potential, and high initial coulombic efficiency of graphite were maintained. However, the LGAs with 1 wt% of LNG were able to achieve a reversible capacity of about 390 mA h g−1, which surpassed the theoretical value of graphite. Meanwhile, the LGAs delivered a reversible capacity of about 164 mA h g−1 at the rate of 5C, which was more than two times higher than that of the pure commercial graphite anodes. The production cost could be kept low only at a very low weight percentage of graphene (1 wt%) in LGA, enabling the large-scale commercial application of graphene in LIBs. Such a simple and scalable method may also be applied to other anode systems, boosting their energy and power densities.

Large size nitrogen-doped graphene-coated graphite for high performance lithium-ion battery anode

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Graphene nanowires anchored to 3D graphene foam via self-assembly for high performance Li and Na ion storage

Preparation method of graded foam metal of porous structure

Large size nitrogen-doped graphene-coated graphite for high performance lithium-ion battery anode