Japanese encephalitis (JE), caused by Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) infection, is the most important viral encephalitis in the world. Approximately 35,000-50,000 people suffer from JE every year, with a mortality rate of 10,000-15,000 people per year. Although the safety and efficacy of JE vaccines (inactivated and attenuated) have been demonstrated, China still accounts for 50% of the reported JE cases worldwide. In this review, we provide information about the burden of JE in mainland China and the corresponding epidemiology from 1949 to 2010, including the morbidity and mortality of JE; the age, gender, and vocational distribution of JE cases; its regional and seasonal distribution; and JE immunization. In addition, we discuss the relationships among vectors, hosts, and JEV isolates from mainland China; the dominant vector species for JEV transmission; the variety of JEV genotypes and the different biological characteristics of the different JEV genotypes; and the molecular evolution of JEV.

Japanese encephalitis and Japanese encephalitis virus in mainland China.

This paper aims to understand the roles universities play in regional innovation systems in China. Specifically, it examines how Chinese practice concerning the engagement of the universities with society for promoting regional innovation systems differs from Western practices from the perspective of the Triple Helix. It focuses on China’s leading metropolis, Shanghai, and takes as a case study the Tongji Creative Cluster which, unlike most other clusters in China, is based on knowledge-intensive services rather than high-tech manufacturing. We find that although it is commonly assumed that the statist Triple Helix model characterises the development of the innovation system in China, the practices of the Tongji Creative Cluster take a different approach, combining both bottom-up initiatives in the initial stage and top-down coordination in later developments. We argue that this model is more useful for China’s regional innovation systems as it can overcome many challenges in the statist model.

The roles of universities in fostering knowledge-intensive clusters in Chinese regional innovation systems

While there is a common belief among policymakers and academics around the world that Triple Helix relationships between university, industry and government provide optimal conditions for innovation, it should be noted that the Triple Helix concept has been developed from the experience of advanced economies in the West. There is a lack of theoretical considerations and empirical evidence on whether the Triple Helix model is applicable in non-Western contexts. Following the understanding that the evolution of an ideal Triple Helix model is facilitated by certain institutional logics in Western societies, this paper takes China as an example to examine how the institutional logics in China are different from those of the West and how the institutional logics in China would promote or impede the development of the Triple Helix model in China in light of an extensive review of the relevant literature and policy documents. The study suggests that to optimise the Chinese innovation policies, China needs on the one hand to adjust some elements of its institutional environment to facilitate the interactions between key innovation actors and on the other hand to be innovative in developing its own Triple Helix modes given the unique Chinese institutional environment which will persist in the foreseeable future.

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Implementing the Triple Helix model in a non-Western context: an institutional logics perspective

TaqMan Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Detecting and Differentiating Japanese Encephalitis Virus

1.1 Japanese Encephalitis expansion Japanese Encephalitis (JE) was first clinically identified in 1871 in Japan and known as “summer encephalitis”. In 1924, during an outbreak of encephalitis, important studies were carried out at the Tokyo Research Institute of Infectious Disease (Mackenzie et al., 2007). Subsequently, a virus was isolated of a brain of a patient deceased of Japanese summer encephalitis and named “Japanese encephalitis type B” (JEB) in order to distinguish it, by that time, from another intensively circulating pandemic encephalitis, the “von Economo encephalitis”, initially named “Encephalitis Lethargica” (von Economo, 1931), and named afterward “type A encephalitis”. Then, in 1933, the virus responsible of JEB was reisolated and ultimately characterized in 1934, when it was experimentally inoculated into monkey brain and successfully reproduced the disease (Rosen, 1986; Showa in Seiichi & Teizo, 20021; Hayashi, in Asim A. Jani, 20092). From Japan, until the late 1990s, Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) was known to actively circulate in South East Asia, extending its eastern range towards Korea, Chinese mainland, Taiwan and Philippines, and then further West towards India and Pakistan. Major epidemics occurred in the 1960s and JE appeared endemic within the Indochinese Peninsula including Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam, and further on to Malaysia, Burma, Singapore (rare cases), Brunei (Erlanger et al., 2009). Then, within the following four decades, JE occupied subsequently most of the Asian continent from Pakistan to Sri Lanka on the east of its range (Igarashi et al., 1994; Solomon et al., 2000; Nga et al., 2004; van den Hurk et al., 2009) and then Bangladesh, Nepal (Terai region). Furthermore, in the mean time, JEV emerged among unaffected area of Asia as in Papua New Guinea, Far East Russia (maritime Siberia), and subsequently crossed the Torres Strait toward Northern Australia where it was isolated and emerged for the first time within the Australian continent (Hanna

/pdf/when-japanese-encephalitis-virus-invaded-eastern-hemisphere-49isgnvhng.pdf

When Japanese Encephalitis Virus Invaded Eastern Hemisphere – The History of the Spread of Virus Genotypes

Objective Sequence and analysis the complete nucleotide of the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) newly strain SD08-10, isolated in 2008 in Shandong, China in order to understand the characterization of the virus. Methods Overlapping primers were designed according to the ftdl-tength genomes in GenBank. RT-PCR was used to amplify the fragments and the full-length genome was obtained by sequencing and splicing. Using the computer software to analysis the nucleic acid data, deduced amino acid sequence and phylogenetic tree, including Clustal X (1.8), DNASTAR, GENEDOC (3.2). Results The result of sequence analysis shows that the genome of SD08-10 strain was 10 965 nucleotides long. An open reading frame from 96 to 10 392 including 10 296 nucleotides is capable of coding for a 3432 amino acid pelypretein. Compared with the live attenuated vaccine strain SA-14-14-2 in China, there was 1253 nucleotide difference and 82 amino acid divergence. Comparison of the complete genome sequences with 59 different JEV isolates showed a 0.7%-18.9% nucleotide sequence divergence among them, which resulted in 0.1%-5.2% amino acid sequence divergence. Phylogenetic analysis of full-length genome showed that the SD08-10 strain was belonging to genotype I～Conclusion Analysis based on the complete genome sequences of different JEV isolates showed that the SD08-10 strain isolated in 2008 in Shandong was belonging to genotype Ⅰ and close to SH17M-07 isolated in 2007 in China. 

Key words: 
Encephalitis viruses; Japanese; Genes; Phylogeny

[Molecular characterization of full-length genome of Japanese encephalitis virus (SD08-10) newly isolated in Shandong province].

This paper presents a comprehensive examination on China’s technological innovation system with support of actual figures. Under the guidance “Advancing the overall con struction of China’s national innovation system”, China has given its priority to build the technological innovation system. Based on the policymakers’ interpretation of the term “innovation”, enterprises are placed as its mainstay. Indeed, China has witnessed increased innovation awareness as well as capability from its enterprises in recent years; Chinese companies such as Huawei and ZTE are typical examples of China’s innovative enterprises. Moreover, as its market environment improves, new forms of organization for innovation and transformed research institutions have also been developing fast. However, as a transitional economy, China’s technological innovation system is also facing great challenges. Low enterprise R&D intensity, shortage of innovative talents in enterprises, poor R&D capability in developing industrial generic technology are not all but just some of the problems China has to deal with in the upcoming period. The Chinese government must handle the relationship between itself and market forces more skillfully so as to keep its technological innovation system to develop in a healthy manner.

A diAgnosis of ChinA's teChnologiCAl innovAtion system

A chiped grating was fabricated on CdSxSei-x doped glass waveguide characterized by intensity dependent refractive indices to use for all-optic tunable interconnection. The focal linenxve of 80000nm was observed when the power density of the guided wave was changed. Fivepossible locations of the focal line for optical interconnection determined. 1.INTRODUCTI ON The volume phase holographic grating fabricated on glass substrate could be used to directinformation-carrying optical beams to the interconnection of two VLSI chips or two position on the same chip. In this case, information is encoded at one location on a circuit board onto an optical beam by direct modulation of a semiconductor laser diode. A chirped grating immbedded in nonlinear waveguide media characterized by intensity dependent refractive indices used for all-optic tunable interconnection have been proposed and demonstrated in this raper. Now with the change of the guided wave beam intensity as information-carrying, the

A chiped grating was fabricated on CdSxSei-x doped glass waveguide characterized by

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[Molecular characterization of full-length genome of Japanese encephalitis virus (SD08-10) newly isolated in Shandong province].

A diAgnosis of ChinA's teChnologiCAl innovAtion system

A chiped grating was fabricated on CdSxSei-x doped glass waveguide characterized by