The six pinnate-leaved species are a very particular group in the genus Primula. In the present paper, we sequenced, assembled and annotated the chloroplast genomes of five of them (P. cicutarrifolia, P. hubeiensis, P. jiugongshanensis, P. merrilliana, P. ranunculoides). The five chloroplast genomes ranged from ~ 150 to 152 kb, containing 113 genes (four ribosomal RNA genes, 29 tRNA genes and 80 protein-coding genes). The six pinnate-leaved species exhibited synteny of gene order and possessed similar IR boundary regions in chloroplast genomes. The gene accD was pseudogenized in P. filchnerae. In the chloroplast genomes of the six pinnate-leaved Primula species, SSRs, repeating sequences and divergence hotspots were identified; ycf1 and trnH-psbA were the most variable markers among CDSs and noncoding sequences, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the six Primula species were separated into two distant clades: one was formed by P. filchnerae and P. sinensis and the other clade was consisting of two subclades, one formed by P. hubeiensis and P. ranunculoides, the other by P. merrilliana, P. cicutarrifolia and P. jiugongshanensis. P. hubeiensis was closely related with P. ranunculoides and therefore it should be placed into Sect. Ranunculoides. P. cicutarrifolia did not group first with P. ranunculoides but with P. merrilliana, although the former two were once united in one species, our results supported the separation of P. ranunculoides from P. cicutarrifolia as one distinct species.

/pdf/the-complete-chloroplast-genome-sequences-of-five-pinnate-2tkc4m6smx.pdf

The complete chloroplast genome sequences of five pinnate-leaved Primula species and phylogenetic analyses.

Integrative taxonomy of herbaceous plants with narrow fragmented distributions: A case study on Primula merrilliana species complex

Primula zhui (Primulaceae) sp. nov. from south Yunnan, southwest China

Pollen morphological variation of Primula merrilliana and its systematic significance

Primula longistyla (Primulaceae), a new species from Yunnan, China

Primula jiugongshanensis J W Shao, a new species from Mt Jiugongshan in Hubei Province, China, is described and illustrated This species is a biennial glabrous herb with pinnately compound leaves, and affiliated to P sect Ranunculoides C M Hu It is distinguished from other species of the section by outer simple leaves ovate, flowers distylous, corolla lobe apex conspicuously emarginate, and lack of bulblets Molecular phylogenetic analysis of nrDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences (ITS) was conducted and the results also supported the recognition of P jiugongshanensis as a new species The species is known from only three separated unprotected populations and is categorized as ‘Endangered’ (EN)

Primula jiugongshanensis sp. nov. (Primulaceae) from China, based on morphological and molecular evidence

BACKGROUND
MicroRNAs and long non-coding RNAs play pivotal roles in the progression and recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI), which is a serious traumatic disease in central nervous system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression and clinical value of SNHG3 in SCI patients, and explore the regulatory effects of SNHG3 on SCI-induced inflammatory responses in vitro.


METHODS
Relationship between SNHG3 and miR-139-5p was confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay. A SCI cell model was constructed in SH-SY5Y cells using hypoxia treatment. SNHG3 and miR-139-5p expression was analyzed using qRTPCR. Effects of SNHG3 and miR-139-5p on cell model viability and inflammatory cytokines were evaluate by CCK-8 assay and ELISA kits, respectively. ROC curves based on serum SNHG3 and miR-139-5p were constructed to evaluate their diagnostic performance.


RESULTS
In SCI patients, serum SNHG3 was upregulated, but miR-139-5p was downregulated (P < 0.05), and a negative correlation between the two ncRNAs was found. Both SNHG3 and miR-139-5p showed relatively high discrimination abilities for the screening of SCI and complete SCI (CSCI) patients. SNHG3 was positively correlated with inflammatory cytokines, and miR-139-5p showed opposite results in SCI patients. By in vitro analysis, SNHG3 knockdown enhanced cell viability but inhibited inflammation by increasing miR-139-5p.


CONCLUSIONS
All the data found that serum upregulated SNHG3 and downregulated miR-139-5p served as biomarkers to diagnose SCI and indicate injury severity. The deficiency of SNHG3 alleviated neuronal injury by restraining inflammatory responses through targeting miR-139-5p. Thus, the SNHG3/miR-139-5p axis may provide novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for SCI.

SNHG3 deficiency restrains spinal cord injury-induced inflammation through sponging miR-139-5p and provides a novel biomarker for disease severity.

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Primula jiugongshanensis sp. nov. (Primulaceae) from China, based on morphological and molecular evidence

SNHG3 deficiency restrains spinal cord injury-induced inflammation through sponging miR-139-5p and provides a novel biomarker for disease severity.