Photoacoustic (PA) imaging as a fast-developing imaging technique has great potential in biomedical and clinical applications. It is a noninvasive imaging modality that depends on the light-absorption coefficient of the imaged tissue and the injected PA-imaging contrast agents. Furthermore, PA imaging provides superb contrast, super spatial resolution, and high penetrability and sensitivity to tissue functional characteristics by detecting the acoustic wave to construct PA images. In recent years, a series of PA-imaging contrast agents are developed to improve the PA-imaging performance in biomedical applications. Here, recent progress of PA contrast agents and their biomedical applications are outlined. PA contrast agents are classified according to their components and function, and gold nanocrystals, gold-nanocrystal assembly, transition-metal chalcogenides/MXene-based nanomaterials, carbon-based nanomaterials, other inorganic imaging agents, small organic molecules, semiconducting polymer nanoparticles, and nonlinear PA-imaging contrast agents are discussed. The applications of PA contrast agents as biosensors (in the sensing of metal ions, pH, enzymes, temperature, hypoxia, reactive oxygen species, and reactive nitrogen species) and in bioimaging (lymph nodes, vasculature, tumors, and brain tissue) are discussed in detail. Finally, an outlook on the future research and investigation of PA-imaging contrast agents and their significance in biomedical research is presented.

Photoacoustic Imaging: Contrast Agents and Their Biomedical Applications.

Dendrimer based theranostic nanostructures for combined chemo- and photothermal therapy of liver cancer cells in vitro.

Transition Metal Dichalcogenides for Sensing and Oncotherapy: Status, Challenges, and Perspective

Recent advances in the synthesis of spherical and nanoMOF-derived multifunctional porous carbon for nanomedicine applications

Nanobiomaterials have attracted tremendous attention in the biomedical field. Especially in the past few years, a large number of low dimensional nanobiomaterials, including 0D nanostructures, 1D nanotubes and 2D nanosheets, were employed for tumor therapy due to their optically triggered tumor therapy effects and drug loading capacities. However, these low dimensional nanobiomaterials cannot support cell adhesion and possess poor tissue regeneration ability, thus they are not suitable for application in regenerative medicine. Three dimensional (3D) nanofiber scaffolds have attracted extensive attention in tissue regeneration, including bone, skin, nerve and cardiac tissues, due to their similar extracellular matrix structures. Additionally, many 3D scaffolds displayed bone and cartilage regeneration abilities. Therefore, to obtain materials with both tumor therapy and tissue regeneration abilities, it is meaningful and necessary to develop 3D nanobiomaterials with multifunctions. In this review, we systematically review the research progress of nanobiomaterials with varied dimensional structures including 0D, 1D, 2D and 3D, as well as evolutional functions from single tumor therapy to simultaneous tumor therapy and tissue regeneration. This review may pave the way for developing an interdisciplinary research of nanobiomaterials in combination of tumor therapy and regenerative medicine.

Nanobiomaterials: from 0D to 3D for tumor therapy and tissue regeneration.

The invention provides a preparation method of a molecular probe used for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy. In the preparation method, single-layer bi-molybdenum selenide is obtained byadopting a method of ultrasonic exfoliation of albumin, then functionalized infrared fluorescent molecules react with albumin on the surface of bi-molybdenum selenide to form a covalent ester bond, and a nano heterocomplex connected by a covalent bond is obtained, that is, the molecular probe disclosed by the invention. Meanwhile, because the infrared fluorescent molecular is connected with bi-molybdenum selenide by a chemical bond, the molecular probe disclosed by the invention has good stability, and also has excellent biocompatibility, not only can be used as a molecular probe for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy, but also can be further applied as a drug or dye molecule carrier, and provides new thought and direction for tumor therapy and diagnosis.

Preparation method of molecular probe used for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy

Phototheranostic technology based on photoacoustic imaging (PAI) and photothermal therapy (PTT) is emerging as a powerful tool for tumor theranostic applications. For effective tumor eradication, a novel PAI/PTT theranostic nanoagent with an excellent optical absorption and photothermal capability is highly desired. Herein, we present a new PAI/PTT nanohybrid named sMoSe2-ICG NSs by covalently conjugating aminated indocyanine green (ICG) onto a single layer of molybdenum selenide nanosheets (sMoSe2 NSs). We first validate the sMoSe2-ICG NS agent for the PAI and PTT effect in vitro and then use it for highly-sensitive PAI guided highly efficient tumor PTT in vivo. The sMoSe2-ICG NS hybrid possesses several advantages for PAI/PTT applications: (1) the sMoSe2-ICG NSs have strong absorbance in the broad near-infrared (NIR) region, enabling a highly efficient PAI/PTT theranostic effect and the selection of the most widely used excitation wavelength of 808 nm for PTT; (2) the photothermal ability of ICG in sMoSe2-ICG NSs is augmented due to ICG aggregation induced fluorescence quenching and the re-absorbance of ICG fluorescence by sMoSe2 NSs, which further enhances the PAI/PTT theranostic effect. (3) The characteristic absorption peak of sMoSe2-ICG NSs is red-shifted compared to free ICG, resulting in a higher PAI signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in vivo. Thus, combined with the good stability, high biocompatibility and minimal toxicity properties, the obtained sMoSe2-ICG NSs hybrid has bright prospects for use in future PAI/PTT clinical applications.

Hybrid MoSe2–indocyanine green nanosheets as a highly efficient phototheranostic agent for photoacoustic imaging guided photothermal cancer therapy

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Preparation method of molecular probe used for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy

Hybrid MoSe2–indocyanine green nanosheets as a highly efficient phototheranostic agent for photoacoustic imaging guided photothermal cancer therapy