Electrochemical splitting of water is an appealing solution for energy storage and conversion to overcome the reliance on depleting fossil fuel reserves and prevent severe deterioration of the global climate. Though there are several fuel cells, hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) fuel cells have zero carbon emissions, and water is the only by-product. Countless researchers worldwide are working on the fundamentals, i.e. the parameters affecting the electrocatalysis of water splitting and electrocatalysts that could improve the performance of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and overall simplify the water electrolysis process. Noble metals like platinum for HER and ruthenium and iridium for OER were used earlier; however, being expensive, there are more feasible options than employing these metals for all commercialization. The review discusses the recent developments in metal and metalloid HER and OER electrocatalysts from the s, p and d block elements. The evaluation perspectives for electrocatalysts of electrochemical water splitting are also highlighted.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-on-the-electrochemical-parameters-and-qh8rc6yd.pdf

A comprehensive review on the electrochemical parameters and recent material development of electrochemical water splitting electrocatalysts

Water splitting performance of metal and non-metal-doped transition metal oxide electrocatalysts

Herein, we significantly accelerated the kinetics of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) by interfacially bonding ruthenium nanoparticles with defect-rich nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon nanosheets (Ru/d-NPC). The optimal Ru/d-NPC therefore achieves ultralow overpotentials of 23, 61, and 68 mV at the current density of 10 mA cm−2 for HER in alkaline, neutral, and acidic electrolytes, respectively, demonstrating the excellent pH-universal HER activities. Specially, our Ru/d-NPC catalysts represent a 2 × advance in mass activity (639.9 mA/mgRu) compared to benchmarking Pt/C catalysts (320 mA/mgPt) and high per-site activity (0.13 s−1) under alkaline conditions while remaining the excellent stability under all pH conditions. We experimentally demonstrated that Ru-N bonds at the interfaces of Ru/d-NPC strengthen the metal-support interaction and modulates the electronic structure of Ru, optimizing the intrinsic HER kinetics and sintering-resistance of active Ru species, as further rationalized by theoretical calculations. This work shines the light on the effect of interfacial bonds on the intrinsic HER kinetics. 

Monodispersed Ruthenium Nanoparticles Interfacially Bonded with Defective Nitrogen-and-Phosphorus-Doped Carbon Nanosheets Enable pH-universal Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Developing highly active and robust electrocatalysts for the hydrogen/oxygen evolution reaction (HER/OER) is crucial for the large-scale utilization of green hydrogen. In this study, a collaborative interface optimization guided strategy was employed to prepare a metal-organic framework (MOF) derived heterostructure electrocatalyst (MXene@RuCo NPs). The obtained electrocatalyst requires overpotentials of only 20 mV for the HER and 253 mV for the OER to deliver a current density of 10 mA/cm2 in alkaline media, respectively, and it also exhibits great performance at high current density. Experiments and theoretical calculations reveal that the doped Ru introduces second active sites and decreases the diameter of nanoparticles, which greatly enhances the number of active sites. More importantly, the MXene/RuCo NPs heterogeneous interfaces in the catalysts exhibit great synergistic effects, decreasing the work function of the catalyst and improving the charge transfer rate, thus reducing the energy barrier of the catalytic reaction. This work represents a promising strategy for the development of MOF-derived highly active catalysts to achieve efficient energy conversion in industrial applications.

Collaborative Interface Optimization Strategy Guided Ultrafine RuCo and MXene Heterostructure Electrocatalysts for Efficient Overall Water Splitting.

Ru-incorporated Co3O4 nanoparticles from self-sacrificial ZIF-67 template as efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts for rechargeable metal-air battery.

Rational design of trifunctional electrocatalysts with robust efficiency used for oxygen reduction, oxygen evolution, and hydrogen evolution reactions (ORR, OER, and HER) is of significance to rene...

Ultralow Ru-Induced Bimetal Electrocatalysts with a Ru-Enriched and Mixed-Valence Surface Anchored on a Hollow Carbon Matrix for Oxygen Reduction and Water Splitting.

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Ultralow Ru-Induced Bimetal Electrocatalysts with a Ru-Enriched and Mixed-Valence Surface Anchored on a Hollow Carbon Matrix for Oxygen Reduction and Water Splitting.