Recent advances on chitosan-based films for sustainable food packaging applications

Antimicrobially active packaging has emerged as an effective technology to reduce microbial growth in food products increasing both their shelf-life and microbial safety for the consumer while maintaining their quality and sensorial properties. In the last years, a great effort has been made to develop more efficient, long-lasting and eco-friendly antimicrobial materials by improving the performance of the incorporated antimicrobial substances. With this purpose, more effective antimicrobial compounds of natural origin such as bacteriocins, bacteriophages and essential oils have been preferred over synthetic ones and new encapsulation strategies such as emulsions, core-shell nanofibres, cyclodextrins and liposomes among others, have been applied in order to protect these antimicrobials from degradation or volatilization while trying to enable a more controlled release and sustained antimicrobial action. On that account, this article provides an overview of the types of antimicrobials agents used and the most recent trends on the strategies used to encapsulate the antimicrobial agents for their stable inclusion in the packaging materials. Moreover, a thorough discussion regarding the benefits of each encapsulation technology as well as their application in food products is presented.

Encapsulation Systems for Antimicrobial Food Packaging Components: An Update.

Interest in starch-based films has increased precipitously in response to a growing demand for more sustainable and environmentally sourced food packaging materials. Starch is an optimal candidate for these applications given its ability to form thermoplastic materials and films with affordable and often sustainably sourced plasticizers like those produced as waste byproducts by biodiesel and agricultural industries. Starch is also globally ubiquitous, affordable, and environmentally benign. Although the process of producing starch films is relatively straightforward, numerous factors, including starch source, extraction method, film formulation, processing methods, and curing procedures, drastically impact the ultimate material properties. The significant strides made from 2015 to early 2020 toward elucidating how these variables can be leveraged to improve mechanical and barrier properties as well as the implementation of various additives or procedural modifications are cataloged in this review. Advances toward the development of functional films containing antioxidant, antibacterial, or spoilage indicating components to prevent or signal the degradation of food products are also discussed.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1541-4337.12627

Recent advances in starch-based films toward food packaging applications: Physicochemical, mechanical, and functional properties

Recent advances and future prospects of cellulose, starch, chitosan, polylactic acid and polyhydroxyalkanoates for sustainable food packaging applications.

The petroleum-based materials could be replaced, at least partially, by biodegradable packaging. Adding antimicrobial activity to the new packaging materials can also help improve the shelf life of food and diminish the spoilage. The objective of this research was to obtain a novel antibacterial packaging, based on alginate as biodegradable polymer. The antibacterial activity was induced to the alginate films by adding various amounts of ZnO nanoparticles loaded with citronella (lemongrass) essential oil (CEO). The obtained films were characterized, and antibacterial activity was tested against two Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhi) and two Gram-positive (Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial strains. The results suggest the existence of synergy between antibacterial activities of ZnO and CEO against all tested bacterial strains. The obtained films have a good antibacterial coverage, being efficient against several pathogens, the best results being obtained against Bacillus cereus. In addition, the films presented better UV light barrier properties and lower water vapor permeability (WVP) when compared with a simple alginate film. The preliminary tests indicate that the alginate films with ZnO nanoparticles and CEO can be used to successfully preserve the cheese. Therefore, our research evidences the feasibility of using alginate/ZnO/CEO films as antibacterial packaging for cheese in order to extend its shelf life.

Biodegradable Alginate Films with ZnO Nanoparticles and Citronella Essential Oil-A Novel Antimicrobial Structure.

Chitosan microspheres modified by 2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde were prepared and used in the construction of a heterogeneous catalyst loaded with nano-Cu prepared by a reduction reaction. The chemical structure of the catalyst was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Under mild conditions, such as no ligand at room temperature, the catalyst was successfully applied to catalyze the borylation of α,β-unsaturated receptors in a water-methanol medium, yielding 17%-100% of the corresponding -hydroxy product. Even after repeated use five times, the catalyst still exhibited excellent catalytic activity.

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/11/9/1417/pdf

Preparation of Modified Chitosan Microsphere-Supported Copper Catalysts for the Borylation of α,β-Unsaturated Compounds.

The crystal structures of cone-tetra-O-propoxy-tetra-p-carboxylatocalix[4]arene·tetrahydrofuran (1·THF), cone-di-O-isopropoxy-tri-p-carboxylatocalix[4]arene·tetrahydrofuran (6·THF) and cone-di-O-isopropoxy-tri-p-carboxylatocalix[4]arene·tetrahydrofuran·methanol (6·THF·MeOH) in THF–MeOH as a mixed solvent for crystallization, and the crystal structures of 1,3-alt-tetra-O-propoxy-tetra-p-carboxylatocalix[4]arene (7), 1,3-alt-tetra-O-isopropoxy-tetra-p-carboxylatocalix[4]arene·pyridine (8·Py), 1,3-alt-tetra-O-isopropoxy-tri-p-carboxylatocalix[4]arene·methanol (9·MeOH), 1,2-alt-A,C-di-O-benzoyl-di-p-carboxylatocalix[4]arene (10) and 1,2-alt-A,B-di-O-benzoyl-di-p-carboxylatocalix[4]arene·methanol (11·MeOH) in Py–MeOH as a mixed solvent for crystallization have been investigated. The effects of the following factors on the self-assembly of the calixarene derivatives have been studied: (1) crystallization solvent, (2) the conformation of the calixarene, and (3) steric hinderance of the substituents at the lower rim of the calixarene. The results indicate that different supramolecular aggregate structures could be obtained in different types of solvent or proportions of the mixed solvent. 1,3-alternate calixarenes could easily form a nanometer scale capsule-like structure based on their own cavities. The carboxyl group in the upper rim would dominate the self-assembly of the calixarene, and all of the compounds except for compound 8 form a head-to-head or head-to-tail dimer through type I hydrogen bonds. As an exception, compound 8 forms a head-to-head dimer through type II hydrogen bonds between Py molecules and the macrocyclic molecule.

Assembly of calix[4]arene carboxylic acid derivatives by hydrogen bonding

The invention relates to application of alkali chitosan microspheres in mineral oil and belongs to the technical field of application of modified chitosan microspheres. According to the application, the alkali chitosan microspheres are used for removing dibenzyl disulfide in the mineral oil. The application can effectively remove the dibenzyl disulfide in oil products; furthermore, the applicationhas the advantages of simple technology, convenience in operation, greenness, environmental friendliness and suitability for large-scale application.

Application of alkali chitosan microspheres in mineral oil

The invention relates to a chitosan/attapulgite composite material, a preparation method thereof, a degraded transformer oil circulating decolorization system comprising the chitosan/attapulgite composite material, and a decolorization process. The preparation method comprises the following steps: S1, dissolving chitosan to obtain a chitosan solution, and dispersing acidified attapulgite into purewater to obtain an attapulgite suspension; S2, adding glycerol into the chitosan solution, and carrying out uniform stirring to obtain a first solution; S3, adding the attapulgite suspension into thefirst solution under a stirring state to obtain a second mixed solution; and S4, forming the second mixed liquid by freezing, and carrying out vacuum freeze drying to obtain the chitosan/attapulgitecomposite material. The chitosan/attapulgite composite material prepared by the method has a stable structure and excellent decolorization and adsorption effects, and the preparation method is simple.

Chitosan/attapulgite composite material and preparation method thereof

Crystals of cone-di-formyl-calix[4]arene (16), 1,3-alt-di-O-benzoyl-di-formyl-calix[4]arene (17), 1,3-alt-tetra-O-n-propyl-tetra-formyl-calix[4]arene (18), 1,3-alt-tetra-O-i-propyl-di-formyl-calix[4]arene (19), 1,3-alt-tetra-O-i-propyl-tri-formyl-calix[4]arene (20), 1,3-alt-tetra-O-i-propyl-tetra-cyano-calix[4]arene (21), and pc-A,B-di-O-i-propyl-tetra-formyl-calix[4]arene·1/2CH2Cl2 (22·1/2CH2Cl2) obtained in crystallisation solvent chloroform–hexane have been studied. These crystals form different architectures through some weak intermolecular forces, such as C–H⋯O, C–H⋯π, O⋯π and π⋯π interactions. Compounds 16–18 form classic ‘head-to-head’ dimer or ‘head-to-tail’ dimer motifs by C-H⋯O interactions, while compound 22 forms an ‘up-down’ dimer structure via C–H⋯π interactions. Compounds 19–21 adopting a 1,3-alt conformation are closely packed together by weak intermolecular interactions. The results indicate that weak intermolecular interactions can determine the assembly pathways of calix[4]arene derivatives.

Weak intermolecular interaction directed assembly of calix[4]arene derivatives

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