Ribosome profiling reveals the effects of nitrogen application translational regulation of yield recovery after abrupt drought-flood alternation in rice

Effect of foliage applied chitosan-based silicon nanoparticles on arsenic uptake and translocation in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus L.) is highly tolerant to drought stress. Elucidating the response mechanism of pitaya to drought will substantially contribute to improving crop drought tolerance. In the present study, the physiological and proteomic responses of the pitaya cultivar ‘Zihonglong’ were compared between control seedlings and seedlings exposed to drought stress (−4.9 MPa) induced by polyethylene glycol for 7 days. Drought stress obviously enhanced osmolyte accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Proteomic data revealed drought stress activated several pathways in pitaya, including carbohydrate and energy metabolism at two drought stress treatment time-points (6 h and 3 days). Other metabolic pathways, including those related to aspartate, glutamate, glutathione, and secondary metabolites, were induced more at 3 days than at 6 h, whereas photosynthesis and arginine metabolism were induced exclusively at 6 h. Overall, protein expression changes were consistent with the physiological responses, although there were some differences in the timing. The increases in soluble sugar contents mainly resulted from the degradation and transformation of insoluble carbohydrates. Differentially accumulated proteins in amino acid metabolism may be important for the conversion and accumulation of amino acids. GSH and AsA metabolism and secondary metabolism may play important roles in pitaya as enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant systems. The enhanced carbohydrate and energy metabolism may provide the energy necessary for initiating the above metabolic pathways. The current study provided the first proteome profile of this species exposed to drought stress, and may clarify the mechanisms underlying the considerable tolerance of pitaya to drought stress.

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/11/7/632/pdf

Physiological and Proteomic Responses of Pitaya to PEG-Induced Drought Stress

Many studies on metabolic rate depression and redox metabolism exist in the literature; however, virtually none focuses on tropical insect diapause. Thus, our aim was to evaluate peculiarities of the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) between diapausing and non-diapausing insects in a tropical region. The lepidopteran Chlosyne lacinia undergoes diapause as larva at the third instar prior to the dry season in middle-west Brazil. We measured the activity of metabolic and anti-oxidant enzymes at day 20 of diapause. The activity of citrate synthase decreased by 81% in whole-body extracts as compared with larvae sampled before diapause entry. Moreover, total-glutathione content and lipid peroxidation dropped significantly (by 82 and 24%, respectively) in diapausing insects. On the other hand, the activities of catalase and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were unchanged. These results indicate a diminished oxidative metabolism and suggest important roles for catalase and G6PDH in ROS control in diapause and, possibly, during arousal. The diminished glutathione levels could be related to its depletion by glutathione-dependent systems or by its diminished biosynthesis.

Redox Metabolism During Tropical Diapause in a Lepidoptera Larva

Alleviation of salt stress and promotion of growth in peanut by Tsukamurella tyrosinosolvens and Burkholderia pyrrocinia

For diapause eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, diapause initiation is prevented with hydrochloric acid (HCl) at around 20 h post-oviposition while diapause status is terminated with chilling around 5°C. To investigate whether hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and catalase expression are involved in diapause initiation and termination, the concentration of H(2)O(2), relatively higher levels of catalase mRNA and activity of catalase were compared between (1) 20-h-old diapause eggs and the HCl-treated diapause eggs, and (2) 10-day-old diapause eggs and the 5°C-chilled diapause eggs. Compared to diapause eggs, the HCl-treated eggs had significantly higher H(2)O(2) concentrations (up from approximately 1-3 µmol/g fresh mass to 5-8 µmol/g fresh mass), higher relative level of catalase mRNA (up from 0 to 35.2%) and higher catalase activity (up from 2.51 units/mg protein to 4.97 units/mg protein) at 96 h post-treatment. On the other hand, the 5°C chilling resulted in significant increases of H(2)O(2) concentration (up from 0.79 µmol/g fresh mass to 5.57 µmol/g fresh mass), relative level of catalase mRNA (up from 0 to 71.4%) and catalase activity (up from 0.88 units/mg protein to 3.42 units/mg protein) within 120 days. The results obtained in this work suggest that variations of H(2)O(2) and catalase expression in Bombyx eggs are involved in diapause initiation and termination.

Variations of hydrogen peroxide and catalase expression in Bombyx eggs during diapause initiation and termination.

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Variations of hydrogen peroxide and catalase expression in Bombyx eggs during diapause initiation and termination.