Recent advances in the science and technology of ultra low sulfur diesel (ULSD) production

Raman and IR studies of surface metal oxide species on oxide supports: Supported metal oxide catalysts

https://www.lehigh.edu/operando/Publications/2005%20Recent%20Conceptual%20Advances%20in%20Catalysis.pdf

Recent conceptual advances in the catalysis science of mixed metal oxide catalytic materials

Oxides of the group VIb metals (Cr, Mo, W) and oxides of vanadium, rhenium, and niobium supported on a second high-surface-area metal oxide such as Al2O3, TiO2, Si02, ZrO2, and so forth are recognized as industrially important catalysts or catalyst precursors for various reactions [1–11], These materials frequently have been described as so-called monolayer catalysts based on a structural model which assumed spreading of the active oxide over the support surface. These catalysts have been investigated by a variety of techniques, conventional bulk sampling techniques as well as by surface-sensitive electron and ion spectroscopies, in an attempt to elucidate the nature of the catalyst surface species, and to study the coordination environment of the active metal center(s). Electronic spectroscopy gives rise to broad bands and the spectra are less informative than vibrational spectra. In addition, although techniques such as Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS...

Raman spectroscopy of monolayer-type oxide catalysts: Supported Mo oxides

The molecular aspect of the Raman vibrational selection rules allows for the molecular structural and reactivity determinations of metal oxide catalytic active sites in all types of oxide catalyst systems (supported metal oxides, zeolites, layered hydroxides, polyoxometalates (POMs), bulk pure metal oxides, bulk mixed oxides and mixed oxide solid solutions). The molecular structural and reactivity determinations of metal oxide catalytic active sites are greatly facilitated by the use of isotopically labeled molecules. The ability of Raman spectroscopy to (1) operate in all phases (liquid, solid, gas and their mixtures), (2) operate over a very wide temperature (−273 to >1000 °C) and pressure (UHV to ≫100 atm) range, and (3) provide molecular level information about metal oxides makes Raman spectroscopy the most informative characterization technique for understanding the molecular structure and surface chemistry of the catalytic active sites present in metal oxide heterogeneous catalysts. The recent use of hyphenated Raman spectroscopy instrumentation (e.g., Raman–IR, Raman–UV-vis, Raman–EPR) and the operando Raman spectroscopy methodology (e.g., Raman–MS and Raman–GC) is allowing for the establishment of direct structure–activity/selectivity relationships that will have a significant impact on catalysis science in this decade. Consequently, this critical review will show the growth in the use of Raman spectroscopy in heterogeneous catalysis research, for metal oxides as well as metals, is poised to continue to exponentially grow in the coming years (173 references).

Monitoring surface metal oxide catalytic active sites with Raman spectroscopy

On the genesis of molybdena-alumina catalyst

Raman spectra from several molybdena-alumina preparations

The preparation and properties of rhenia-alumina catalysts

The preparation and genesis of molybdena-alumina and related catalyst systems

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On the genesis of molybdena-alumina catalyst

Raman spectra from several molybdena-alumina preparations

The preparation and properties of rhenia-alumina catalysts

The preparation and genesis of molybdena-alumina and related catalyst systems