SnO₂ and F doped SnO₂ (FTO) nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized by the hydrothermal method with subsequent annealing at 500 °C. The microstructure and photoluminescence (PL) property of SnO₂ and FTO NPs have been investigated, and an assumption model about the luminescence process of FTO NPs has been proposed. All of the SnO₂ and FTO NPs possess polycrystalline tetragonal rutile structures, and the average size in the range of 16.5-20.2 nm decreases with the increasing of F doping content. The doping element F is shown a uniformly distribution by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) mapping. The oxygen vacancy concentration becomes higher as is verified by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS). There are three kinds of oxygen chemical states in SnO₂ and FTO NPs, in which Oα corresponds to oxygen vacancies. The room temperature PL position is observed to be independent of F doping content. F- may substitute O2- into the SnO₂ lattice by generating F O + and one extra e-, which can combine with V O + or V O + + to generate V O 0 or V O + to ensure charge balance.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1944/10/12/1398/pdf

Mutual Effects of Fluorine Dopant and Oxygen Vacancies on Structural and Luminescence Characteristics of F Doped SnO₂ Nanoparticles.

SnO2 nanoparticles are synthesized by sol-gel technique. The synthesized nanoparticles are stoichiometric and possess SnO2 phase with tetragonal unit cell crystal structure confirmed by analysis of dispersive energy of X-rays and X-ray diffraction techniques, respectively. The scanning electron microscopy showed the particles to be formed of well oriented nano-platelets. The electron transmission and diffraction microscopy showed the nanoparticles to be spherical in shape and polycrystalline, respectively. The optical analysis showed the particles to possess direct optical band gap of 3.64 eV. The Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy of the nanoparticles showed presence of water molecules on the nanoparticles due to its hydrous synthesis. The photoluminescence and Raman analysis showed presence of oxygen vacancy defects. The thermal analysis of the nanoparticles showed them to possess three steps weight loss. The determined thermodynamic kinetic parameters showed the nanoparticles to decompose in the high temperature range. The results are discussed in details.

Sol-gel synthesis and thermal characterization of SnO2 nanoparticles

Influence of particle size and defects on the optical, magnetic and electronic properties of Al doped SnO2 nanoparticles

S or N-monodoping and S,N-codoping effect on electronic structure and electrochemical performance of tin dioxide: Simulation calculation and experiment validation

Influence of twin boundaries on the photocurrent decay of nanobranch and dense-forest structured SnO2 UV photodetectors

Infrared low-emissivity nanocrystalline thin-film material SnO2 and preparation method thereof

Upstanding SnO2 nanorod arrays covered by hierarchical SnO2 nanoflowers grow on the indium tin oxide (ITO) substrate through a direct hydrothermal method. Corresponding growth mechanism has been investigated along with the reaction time. The ITO substrate plays a role of seed layer and guides the nucleation of SnO2 nanoflower-rod arrays (NFRAs), which promotes the SnO2 crystal nucleation grow into nanorod arrays in the hydrothermal reaction. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the obtained SnO2 NFRAs architecture reveals that the oxygen vacancies (V
 O) are major reasons of luminescence. In order to better understand the relationship between the V
 O and the luminous mechanism, a first principles study is carried out. The calculation results based on the density functional theory (DFT) indicate the energy level of V
 O with the three types of charge state (the ionization energy of the V
 O
 0
 state, V
 O
 +
 state, and V
 O
 2+
 state in band gap are 0.15, 2.84, and 3.15 eV, respectively) in SnO2 NFRAs architecture, which is in agreement with the PL spectrum.

Synthesis, growth mechanism, and photoluminescence property of hierarchical SnO2 nanoflower-rod arrays: an experimental and first principles study

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Infrared low-emissivity nanocrystalline thin-film material SnO2 and preparation method thereof

Synthesis, growth mechanism, and photoluminescence property of hierarchical SnO2 nanoflower-rod arrays: an experimental and first principles study