Photomorphogenesis 被多重发信号的小径控制，包括光和 brassinosteroid (BR ) 小径。发信号的 BR 激活 BZR1 抄写因素，它为在黑暗中压制 photomorphogenesis 被要求。我们识别了 BR 过分敏感的变异的 bzr11D 的 suppressor 并且把它称为 bzr11D suppressor1 主导(bzs1D ) 。bzs1D 变化被 B 盒子锌手指蛋白质 BZS1 的 overexpression 引起，它被 BZR1 transcriptionally 镇压。BZS1 的 Overexpression 在黑暗，在光的短胚轴，到 BR 处理的减少的敏感，和许多激活 BR 的基因的压抑中引起 de 青白化。由部分压制的合作抑制的 BZS1 击倒 BR 缺乏或感觉迟钝的异种的短胚轴显型。BZS1 是 BR 反应的一个否定管理者的这些结果支持。BZS1 overexpressors 对光的不同波长过分敏感， BZS1 的功能的损失减少植物敏感点亮并且部分压制组成的 photomorphogenesis 1 (cop1 ) 在黑暗中变异，在轻反应建议一个积极角色。BZS1 蛋白质在黑暗成年的 BZS1OX 植物并且在 cop1 异种的轻处理以后在增加的水平积累，并且 BZS1 在 vitro 与 COP1 交往，建议光调整通过调停 COP1 的 ubiquitination 和 proteasomal 降级的 BZS1。这些结果证明 BZS1 调停在 BR 和轻小径之间的串音。

BZS1, a B-box Protein, Promotes Photomorphogenesis Downstream of Both Brassinosteroid and Light Signaling Pathways

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) is a globally important ornamental plant with great economic, cultural, and symbolic value. However, research on chrysanthemum is challenging due to its complex genetic background. Here, we report a near-complete assembly and annotation for C. morifolium comprising 27 pseudochromosomes (8.15 Gb; scaffold N50 of 303.69 Mb). Comparative and evolutionary analyses reveal a whole-genome triplication (WGT) event shared by Chrysanthemum species approximately 6 million years ago (Mya) and the possible lineage-specific polyploidization of C. morifolium approximately 3 Mya. Multilevel evidence suggests that C. morifolium is likely a segmental allopolyploid. Furthermore, a combination of genomics and transcriptomics approaches demonstrate the C. morifolium genome can be used to identify genes underlying key ornamental traits. Phylogenetic analysis of CmCCD4a traces the flower colour breeding history of cultivated chrysanthemum. Genomic resources generated from this study could help to accelerate chrysanthemum genetic improvement. 

/pdf/analyses-of-a-chromosome-scale-genome-assembly-reveal-the-frvvdrnf.pdf

Analyses of a chromosome-scale genome assembly reveal the origin and evolution of cultivated chrysanthemum

We review the main genes underlying commercial traits in cut flower species and critically discuss the possibility to apply genome editing approaches to produce novel variation and phenotypes. Promoting flowering and flower longevity as well as creating novelty in flower structure, colour range and fragrances are major objectives of ornamental plant breeding. The novel genome editing techniques add new possibilities to study gene function and breed new varieties. The implementation of such techniques, however, relies on detailed information about structure and function of genomes and genes. Moreover, improved protocols for efficient delivery of editing reagents are required. Recent results of the application of genome editing techniques to elite ornamental crops are discussed in this review. Enabling technologies and genomic resources are reviewed in relation to the implementation of such approaches. Availability of the main gene sequences, underlying commercial traits and in vitro transformation protocols are provided for the world’s best-selling cut flowers, namely rose, lily, chrysanthemum, lisianthus, tulip, gerbera, freesia, alstroemeria, carnation and hydrangea. Results obtained so far are described and their implications for the improvement of flowering, flower architecture, colour, scent and shelf-life are discussed.

/pdf/genes-and-genome-editing-tools-for-breeding-desirable-7x0kzlve5m.pdf

Genes and genome editing tools for breeding desirable phenotypes in ornamentals

Abstract Cultivated chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat.) is a beloved ornamental crop due to the diverse capitula types among varieties, but the molecular mechanism of capitulum development remains unclear. Here, we report a 2.60 Gb chromosome-scale reference genome of C. lavandulifolium, a wild Chrysanthemum species found in China, Korea and Japan. The evolutionary analysis of the genome revealed that only recent tandem duplications occurred in the C. lavandulifolium genome after the shared whole genome triplication (WGT) in Asteraceae. Based on the transcriptomic profiling of six important developmental stages of the radiate capitulum in C. lavandulifolium, we found genes in the MADS-box, TCP, NAC and LOB gene families that were involved in disc and ray floret primordia differentiation. Notably, NAM and LOB30 homologs were specifically expressed in the radiate capitulum, suggesting their pivotal roles in the genetic network of disc and ray floret primordia differentiation in chrysanthemum. The present study not only provides a high-quality reference genome of chrysanthemum but also provides insight into the molecular mechanism underlying the diverse capitulum types in chrysanthemum.

/pdf/the-chrysanthemum-lavandulifolium-genome-and-the-molecular-14yyma5p.pdf

The chrysanthemum lavandulifolium genome and the molecular mechanism underlying diverse capitulum types

Don't be fooled: false flowers in Asteraceae.

The study has facilitated important insights into the regulatory networks involved in flower development in chrysanthemum (Asteraceae), and is informative with respect to the mechanism of flower shape determination. Chrysanthemum morifolium, valued as an ornamental species given the diversity of its inflorescence form, is viewed as a model for understanding flower development in the Asteraceae. Yet, the underlying regulatory networks remain largely unexplored. Here, a transcriptomic survey of the Chrysanthemum morifolium variety ‘Jinba’ was undertaken to uncover the global gene expression profiles and identify the modules of co-transcribed genes associated with flower development. The weighted gene coexpression network analysis revealed important networks and hub genes including ray floret petals-specific coexpression network, disc floret petals-specific network, B and E class genes involved network and CYC2 genes network. Three ray floret petal-specific hub genes were also strongly transcribed in the ray florets of a selection of six diverse varieties and especially so in those which form ligulate ray floret petals. CmCYC2c was strongly transcribed in the distal and lateral regions of the ray floret petals, and also, along with CmCYC2d, in the tubular ray florets. Furthermore, CmOFP, belonging to the family of ovate proteins, was identified in the CYC2 genes network. CmOFP can interact with CmCYC2d that physically interact with CmCYC2c. This work provides important insights into the regulatory networks involved in flower development in chrysanthemum, and is informative with respect to the mechanistic basis of the regulation of flower shape.

The core regulatory networks and hub genes regulating flower development in Chrysanthemum morifolium

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The core regulatory networks and hub genes regulating flower development in Chrysanthemum morifolium