Electrochemical energy storage devices, such as supercapacitors and batteries, have been proven to be the most effective energy conversion and storage technologies for practical application. However, further development of these energy storage devices is hindered by their poor electrode performance. Carbon materials used in supercapacitors and batteries are often derived from nonrenewable resources under harsh environments. Naturally abundant biomass is a green, alternative carbon source with many desired properties. This review article presents state of the art of renewable carbon materials derived from natural biomasses with an emphasis on their applications in supercapacitors and lithium–sulfur batteries.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21663831.2016.1250834

Biomass-derived renewable carbon materials for electrochemical energy storage

The demand for renewable energy sources worldwide has gained tremendous research attention over the past decades. Technologies such as wind and solar have been widely researched and reported in the literature. However, economical use of these technologies has not been widespread due partly to cost and the inability for service during of-source periods. To make these technologies more competitive, research into energy storage systems has intensified over the last few decades. The idea is to devise an energy storage system that allows for storage of electricity during lean hours at a relatively cheaper value and delivery later. Energy storage and delivery technologies such as supercapacitors can store and deliver energy at a very fast rate, offering high current in a short duration. The past decade has witnessed a rapid growth in research and development in supercapacitor technology. Several electrochemical properties of the electrode material and electrolyte have been reported in the literature. Supercapacitor electrode materials such as carbon and carbon-based materials have received increasing attention because of their high specific surface area, good electrical conductivity and excellent stability in harsh environments etc. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in biomass-derived activated carbons as an electrode material for supercapacitor applications. The development of an alternative supercapacitor electrode material from biowaste serves two main purposes: (1) It helps with waste disposal; converting waste to a useful product, and (2) it provides an economic argument for the substantiality of supercapacitor technology. This article reviews recent developments in carbon and carbon-based materials derived from biowaste for supercapacitor technology. A comparison between the various storage mechanisms and electrochemical performance of electrodes derived from biowaste is presented.

https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/11/2/414/pdf

Supercapacitor Energy Storage Device Using Biowastes: A Sustainable Approach to Green Energy

Recent progress on porous carbon and its derivatives from plants as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors

The fast consumption of fossil energy accompanied by the ever-worsening environment urge the development of a clean and novel energy storage system. As one of the most promising candidates, the supercapacitor owns unique advantages, and numerous electrodes materials have been exploited. Hence, biomass-derived porous carbon materials (BDPCs), at low cost, abundant and sustainable, with adjustable dimension, superb electrical conductivity, satisfactory specific surface area (SSA) and superior electrochemical stability have been attracting intense attention and highly trusted to be a capable candidate for supercapacitors. This review will highlight the recent lab-scale methods for preparing BDPCs, and analyze their effects on BDPCs' microstructure, electrical conductivity, chemical composition and electrochemical properties. Future research trends in this field also will be provided.

/pdf/biomass-derived-porous-carbon-materials-for-supercapacitor-4pg0remp9m.pdf

Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon Materials for Supercapacitor

Removal of chromium (VI) from water by porous carbon derived from corn straw: Influencing factors, regeneration and mechanism

The disorder flow of seeds caused by the collision in the seed-guiding tube is one of the important reasons for the reduction of seeding uniformity. For this problem, a seed-guiding tube with brachistochrone considering the influence of friction was presented in this paper. By analyzing kinetics and rotating the equation coordinate system, brachistochrone under the condition of friction was obtained and applied to the design of the structural parameters of the grain conductor of T-groove furrowing device, and a discrete element model of the grain conductor and wheat was established, thus single-factor simulation analysis and quadratic regression orthogonal rotation combination simulation tests were conducted to explore the optimal combination of parameters. The test results showed that the seed-guiding tube had a brachistochrone radius of 14.708 mm, a linear length of 500 mm and a working speed of 4 km/h, and the seed spacing offset dispersion degree and the seed lateral offset dispersion degree were 12.26 and 8.53 respectively, which had a high seeding uniformity. The results of the bench validation test showed that the coefficients of variation of the two test evaluation indexes between the bench test results and the virtual simulation results were 10.20% and 8.62% respectively, therefore the simulation results could be used for the optimization of the seed guide tube.

/pdf/design-and-experiment-on-seed-guiding-tube-of-t-groove-1uyc5rc1.pdf

Design and experiment on seed-guiding tube of t-groove furrowing device based on brachistochrone

Hierarchical porous active carbon from fallen leaves by synergy of K2CO3 and their supercapacitor performance

The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has attracted much attention as it can be used to produce clean energy. Hierarchical porous activated carbon (HPAC) shows potential applications for the OER. HPAC derived from fallen leaves (Fraxinus chinensis) is prepared using a facile method, in which KOH and/or K2CO3 are used as activators. Characterization reveals that HPAC in the system of KOH/K2CO3 has a high surface area and possesses abundant hierarchical pores, which are favorable for mass transfer and charge transfer in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Acid washed HPAC displays relatively low activity and electrochemical tests demonstrate that ash composition may contribute to the OER. HPAC is a potential carbon-based catalyst that has prominent OER activity and durability.

Hierarchical porous activated carbon in OER with high efficiency

As an important machine for agricultural application, the upland gap self-propelled sprayer is environmental friendly and operates efficiently. In this paper, the chassis frame, which is one of the important components of the sprayer, is studied and a disconnected longitudinal beam frame with an X-shaped reinforcement beam was designed. The static mechanical properties of the frame under bending, torsion, emergency braking and emergency turning conditions are analyzed by a finite element method, and the optimization idea was proposed. On this basis, the topology optimization method was applied to optimize the crossbeam and the reinforcement beam positions, resulting in a 2.2% reduction in the overall mass of the frame, a 19.4% reduction in the maximum deformation while maintaining a small change in the maximum stress in the bending condition, and a 4.1% and 15.1% reduction in the maximum deformation and maximum stress of the frame in the torsion condition, respectively. The frame section width and thickness parameters were optimized by multi-objective driven optimization. The results showed that the frame mass and maximum stress were reduced by 6.8% and 1.9%, respectively, in the bending condition at the cost of a slight increase in frame deformation.

/pdf/design-and-optimization-of-high-ground-clearance-self-16kwnxgu.pdf

Design and Optimization of High Ground Clearance Self-Propelled Sprayer Chassis Frame

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Design and experiment on seed-guiding tube of t-groove furrowing device based on brachistochrone

Hierarchical porous active carbon from fallen leaves by synergy of K2CO3 and their supercapacitor performance

Hierarchical porous activated carbon in OER with high efficiency

Design and Optimization of High Ground Clearance Self-Propelled Sprayer Chassis Frame