Many approaches to cancer management are often ineffective due to adverse reactions, drug resistance, or inadequate target specificity of single anti-cancer agents. In contrast, a combinatorial approach with the application of two or more anti-cancer agents at their respective effective dosages can achieve a synergistic effect that boosts cytotoxicity to cancer cells. In cancer, aberrant apoptotic pathways allow cells that should be killed to survive with genetic abnormalities, leading to cancer progression. Mutations in apoptotic mechanism arising during the treatment of cancer through cancer progression can consequently lead to chemoresistance. Natural compound mixtures that are believed to have multiple specific targets with minimal acceptable side-effects are now of interest to many researchers due to their cytotoxic and chemosensitizing activities. Synergistic interactions within a drug mixture enhance the search for potential molecular targets in cancer cells. Nonetheless, biased/flawed scientific evidence from natural products can suggest false positive therapeutic benefits during drug screening. In this review, we have taken these factors into consideration when discussing the evidence for these compounds and their synergistic therapeutic benefits in cancer. While there is limited evidence for clinical efficacy for these mixtures, in vitro data suggest that these preparations merit further investigation, both in vitro and in vivo.

Understanding the Effectiveness of Natural Compound Mixtures in Cancer through Their Molecular Mode of Action

Gel Electrophoresis - Principles and Basics

Gallium complexes as new promising metallodrug candidates

The alkaloid oxoglaucine (OG), which is a bioactive component from traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), was synthesized by a two-step reaction and used as the ligand to react with transition metal salts to give four complexes: [OGH][AuCl4]·DMSO (1), [Zn(OG)2(H2O)2](NO3)2 (2), [Co(OG)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (3), and [Mn(OG)2(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (4). The crystal structures of the metal complexes were confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 is an ionic compound consisting of a charged ligand [OGH]+ and a gold complex [AuCl4]−. Complexes 2–4 all have similar structures (inner-spheres), that is, octahedral geometry with two OG coordinating to one metal center and two aqua ligands occupying the two apical positions of the octahedron, and two NO3– or ClO4– as counteranions in the outer-sphere. The complexation of OG to metal ion was confirmed by ESI-MS, capillary electrophoresis and fluorescence polarization. The in vitro cytotoxicity of these complexes toward a various tumor cell lines was assayed by the MTT ...

TCM active ingredient oxoglaucine metal complexes: crystal structure, cytotoxicity, and interaction with DNA.

This study sought to explore the role of matrine in the metastasis of cancer cells and to gain insight into the possible mechanism of matrine's ability to inhibit cancer metastasis. Accordingly, changes in vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) phosphorylation and in cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) activity during cell detachment and reattachment were first investigated. After administration of matrine (50 microg/ml), the decrease in VASP phosphorylation paralleled the decrease in PKA activity. Matrine was found to significantly inhibit HeLa cell adhesion to collagen I. To determine the effect of matrine on the migration of HeLa cells, we analysed the migratory behaviour of HeLa cells in a two and three-dimensional cell migration assay. In a two-dimensional cell migration assay, the average cell migration velocity was significantly reduced by matrine compared with the control. Moreover, in a three-dimensional cell migration assay performed with the Transwell system, HeLa cells treated with matrine (50 microg/ml) were found to migrate less than the control cells. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect of matrine may be produced by decreased phosphorylation of VASP due to inhibition of the activity of PKA during HeLa cell adhesion and migration.

Effect of matrine on HeLa cell adhesion and migration

Potential new inorganic antitumour agents from combining the anticancer traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) matrine with Ga(III), Au(III), Sn(IV) ions, and DNA binding studies.

Reactions of Ln(ClO4)3 · 6H2O (Ln=La(III), Eu(III), Nd(III)), 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) and phenoxyacetic acid (PA) or 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) yield [La(PA)2 (phen)2]2(ClO4)2 (1), [Eu(2,4-D)2(phen)2]2(ClO4)2 (2) and [Nd(2,4-D)3(C2H5OH)] n (3). Compounds 1–3 are characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV–Vis, ESI-MS spectra and TGA. 1 is also characterized by 1H and 13C NMR. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses reveal that 1 and 2 are binuclear, and 3 has a one-dimensional polymeric structure. The La(III), Eu(III) and Nd(III) are nine-coordinate with a distorted tricapped trigonal-prism geometry.

Synthesis and crystal structures of lanthanide complexes with foliage growth regulator: phenoxyalkanoic acid

The metal contents of traditional Chinese medicine, Sophora tonkinensis and Flemingiae philippinensis, grown in Guangxi province of China were determined by ICP-AES methods. The two herbs were digested by applying acid bomb digestion procedure. Considering RF power, nebulized gas flow rate, auxiliary gas flow rate and pump rate, the instrument was optimized. The instrument operating conditions, analytical lines and detection limits of elements determined as well as the contents of elements in these two herbs were reported. The results show that Sophora tonkinensis contains microelements Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Cr and macroelements Ca, Mg, Na and K; Flemingiae philippinensis contains microelements Cu, Zn, Fe, Ni, Mn and Cr and macroelements Ca, Mg, Na and K. However, the two traditional Chinese medicines do not contain toxic elements Sn, Pb and Cd. The precision was found to be less than 5% in terms of relative standard deviation mostly. The results indicate that the concentration ratio of zinc to copper in Sophora tonkinensis is 6.4, while the ratio in Flemingiae philippinensis is 5.7. The content of zinc is higher than copper in both two herbs, which agrees with the phenomenon that the zinc content higher than that of copper exists in other antitumor traditional Chinese medicine. All these will afford an apocalypse for understanding the pharmacological mechanism of these anitumor traditional Chinese medicines.

[Determination of metal contents of two Chinese medicinal herbs, Flemingiae philippinensis and Sophora tonkinensis, grown in Guangxi by ICP-AES].

A new copper(II) complex ligated by the naturally occurring alkaloid matrine (MT), [Cu(MT+H)2(H2O)3](ClO4)4 (1) was synthesized upon reacting matrine with Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O. Characterized of complex 1 with elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed the molecular structure to be a pentacoordinate copper(II) complex with two monodentate matrinium ions (MT+H) coordinated via carbonyl oxygen atoms and three aqua ligands. The positive charge of the cation [Cu(MT+H)2(H2O)3]4+ is balanced by four ClO− 4 anions. Complex 1 is cytotoxic toward MCF-7, SGC-7901, and SK-OV-3 tumor cell lines. Supplemental materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Synthesis and Reactivity in Inorganic, Metal-Organic, and Nano-Metal Chemistry to view the supplemental file.

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Cytotoxicity of a Copper(II) Complex With Matrine

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Potential new inorganic antitumour agents from combining the anticancer traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) matrine with Ga(III), Au(III), Sn(IV) ions, and DNA binding studies.

Synthesis and crystal structures of lanthanide complexes with foliage growth regulator: phenoxyalkanoic acid

[Determination of metal contents of two Chinese medicinal herbs, Flemingiae philippinensis and Sophora tonkinensis, grown in Guangxi by ICP-AES].

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Cytotoxicity of a Copper(II) Complex With Matrine