Augmented reality and virtual reality technologies are increasing in popularity. Augmented reality has thrived to date mainly on mobile applications, with games like Pokemon Go or the new Google Maps utility as some of its ambassadors. On the other hand, virtual reality has been popularized mainly thanks to the videogame industry and cheaper devices. However, what was initially a failure in the industrial field is resurfacing in recent years thanks to the technological improvements in devices and processing hardware. In this work, an in-depth study of the different fields in which augmented and virtual reality have been used has been carried out. This study focuses on conducting a thorough scoping review focused on these new technologies, where the evolution of each of them during the last years in the most important categories and in the countries most involved in these technologies will be analyzed. Finally, we will analyze the future trend of these technologies and the areas in which it is necessary to investigate to further integrate these technologies into society.

Augmented and Virtual Reality Evolution and Future Tendency

In this paper we present a novel plausible realistic rendering method for mixed reality systems, which is useful for many real life application scenarios, like architecture, product visualization or edutainment. To allow virtual objects to seamlessly blend into the real environment, the real lighting conditions and the mutual illumination effects between real and virtual objects must be considered, while maintaining interactive frame rates (20–30fps). The most important such effects are indirect illumination and shadows cast between real and virtual objects. Our approach combines Instant Radiosity and Differential Rendering. In contrast to some previous solutions, we only need to render the scene once in order to find the mutual effects of virtual and real scenes. The dynamic real illumination is derived from the image stream of a fish-eye lens camera. We describe a new method to assign virtual point lights to multiple primary light sources, which can be real or virtual. We use imperfect shadow maps for calculating illumination from virtual point lights and have significantly improved their accuracy by taking the surface normal of a shadow caster into account. Temporal coherence is exploited to reduce flickering artifacts. Our results show that the presented method highly improves the illusion in mixed reality applications and significantly diminishes the artificial look of virtual objects superimposed onto real scenes.

Differential Instant Radiosity for mixed reality

In this paper we present a novel high-quality rendering system for Augmented Reality (AR). We study ray-tracing based rendering techniques in AR with the goal of achieving real-time performance and improving visual quality as well as visual coherence between real and virtual objects in a final composited image. A number of realistic and physically correct rendering effects are demonstrated, that have not been presented in real-time AR environments before. Examples are high-quality specular effects such as caustics, refraction, reflection, together with a depth of field effect and anti-aliasing.

High-quality reflections, refractions, and caustics in Augmented Reality and their contribution to visual coherence

When combining a virtual subject with a background image, there may be a case where the hue is different between both and a feeling of difference arises. Moreover, conventionally, it is necessary to manually adjust rendering parameters etc. from the rendering result, which takes time and effort. An image processing device that combines a virtual subject with a background image to generate a combined image is characterized by including a correction coefficient deriving unit configured to derive a correction coefficient by performing rendering of a color object arranged in a position where the virtual subject is placed using an environment map indicating information of a light source around the virtual subject, a background image correcting unit configured to correct the background image based on the derived correction coefficient, and a combining unit configured to combine a corrected background image and the virtual subject using the environment map.

Image processing device, image processing method and program

This work presents an approach to render appropriate shadows with Image Based Lighting in Augmented Reality applications. To approximate the result of environment lighting and shadowing, the system uses a dome of shadow casting light sources. The color of each shadow is determined by the area of the environment behind the casting light source. As a result it is possible that changes in the lighting conditions immidiately affect the shadow casting of virtual objects on real objects

/pdf/image-based-shadowing-in-real-time-augmented-reality-2j05a1cgqm.pdf

Image Based Shadowing in Real-Time Augmented Reality

Mixing 3D computer-generated images with real-scene images seamlessly in augmented reality has many desirable and wide areas of applications such as entertainment, cinematography, design visualization and medical trainings. The challenging task is to make virtual objects blend harmoniously into the real scene and appear as if they are like real. Apart from constructing detailed geometric 3D model representation and obtaining accurate surface properties for virtual objects, adopting real scene lighting information to render virtual objects is another important factor to achieve photorealistic rendering. Such a factor not only improves visual complexity of virtual objects, but also determines the consistency of illumination between the virtual objects and the surrounding real objects in the scene. Conventional rendering techniques such as ray tracing, and radiosity require intensive computation and data preparation to solve the lighting transport equation. Hence, they are less practical for rendering virtual objects in augmented reality, which demands a real-time performance. This work explores an image-based and hardware-based approach to improve photorealism for rendering synthetic objects in augmented reality. It uses a recent technique of image-based lighting, environment illumination maps, and a simple yet practical multi-pass rendering framework for augmented reality.

Photorealistic rendering for augmented reality using environment illumination

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Photorealistic rendering for augmented reality using environment illumination