Nature is a master engineer. From the bones of the tiniest bird to the sophisticated bioproduction of a spider’s web, the works of nature are an enigma to the scientific mind. In the fields of physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics, studying, understanding, and harnessing the intricacies of nature’s designs for the benefit of mankind is the bedrock of science and technology. One such exceptionally engineered natural material is the bamboo plant. This ancient vegetation has, over dozens of generations, reinvented itself as a legendary, resilient, ubiquitous, and impressive bioresource that is not just sustainable, but also ecologically and cheaply cultivatable, and invaluable for soil erosion control, while holding the enormous potential to be transmuted into various useful chemicals and materials. With the increasing concerns and obligations in rethinking the future of the environment, sequestration of carbon dioxide, reduction in timber usage, and preservation of already depleted non-renewable resources, it has become vital for environmentalists, governments, scientists, and other stakeholders to identify alternatives to fossil-based chemicals and their derivable materials that are sustainable without compromising efficiency. By coalescing engineering-, chemical-, and materials science-based approaches, including results from over 100 reports, we demonstrate that the bamboo plant presents enormous opportunities for sustainable chemicals and materials. In addition, we highlight the current challenges involving the optimization of bamboo-based technologies and provide recommendations for future studies.

Bamboos: From Bioresource to Sustainable Materials and Chemicals

The physiological function of bamboo shoot sheaths is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the anatomical and physiological influences of bamboo shoot sheaths on internode elongation by longitudinally striping parts of sheaths. The internodes would bend toward the bare sides during night. The results showed that amounts of water leaked at the cut of shoot sheaths during night, which impeded the increase of water, water pressure and assimilate transport rates, and decreased starch and soluble sugar catabolism in the bare side of the internodes. A higher level of water pressure and sugar metabolism increased the vacuole expansion and promoted the cell expansion in the outer sides as compared to the bare sides. The bending growth of internodes was mainly due to the significant differences in cell expansion, which was led by the difference in water pressure and sugar hydrolysis levels between the inner and outer sides. Bamboo internode elongation mainly relied on the increase of water pressure and soluble sugar concentration. Shoot sheaths played an important role in the rapid growth of bamboo shoots as a controller in water and assimilate transportation. This study gave a new insight into understanding the rapid growth mechanism of bamboo plants.

/pdf/physiological-mechanism-of-internode-bending-growth-after-3dr4zep6gn.pdf

Physiological Mechanism of Internode Bending Growth After the Excision of Shoot Sheath in Fargesia yunnanensis and Its Implications for Understanding the Rapid Growth of Bamboos.

The mechanisms for physiological senescence in bamboo shoots after harvest remain unclear. This study investigated physiological changes in Fargesia yunnanensis shoots during storage at different temperatures. The relationship between morphological and physiological changes in bamboo shoots during storage was also analyzed. The results show that cold storage can reduce weight loss, browning, respiration rates, and sugar degradation in bamboo shoots; decrease related enzymatic activities; and inhibit the increase in lignin and cellulose content. The quality of bamboo shoots declines more during the first 3d after harvesting than it does during subsequent periods. The increase in the degree of lignification and fibrosis is the main reason for senescence and for the decline in quality of bamboo shoots after harvest. The bamboo shoots under RT conditions began browning during the third 3d of storage, with a browning rate of 688gkg-1 even in the upper parts; the increase in shoot browning degrees significantly decreased the quality. Low temperatures had better inhibitory effects on browning than they did on lignification and fibrosis. Nonstructural carbohydrates in bamboo shoots are degraded and flow into sheath and shoot respiration, phenols, and shoot fibrosis and lignification at room temperature, but only flow into sheath respiration, shoot fibrosis, and lignification at cold temperature. Soluble protein and free amino acids are primarily distributed into shoot and sheath respiration and into phenols at room temperature, but that process is well inhibited at cold temperature. Bamboo shoots, once removed from cold storage, should be consumed rapidly because enzyme activity recovers quickly. This research provides new theoretical information on the preservation of bamboo shoots.

/pdf/physiological-changes-of-bamboo-fargesia-yunnanensis-shoots-1bh32i9bk9.pdf

Physiological Changes of Bamboo (Fargesia yunnanensis) Shoots During Storage and the Related Cold Storage Mechanisms.

Exogenous application of Bradyrhizobium japonicum AC20 enhances soybean tolerance to atrazine via regulating rhizosphere soil microbial community and amino acid, carbohydrate metabolism related genes expression.

Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) and Ma bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) are two major species, which have significant economic and research application value. At present, methods for interrogation of gene function in bamboo are limited and time consuming. Therefore, establishing an efficient transient expression system for bamboo is very useful for dissecting the function of candidate genes. In this study, we developed protocols for the transient transformation of protoplasts from different tissues in Moso bamboo and Ma bamboo and established the optimized protocol and materials for improving the efficiency of transient transformation. The results indicated that the transformation efficiency of protoplasts from 15-day-old etiolated seedlings was higher than other tissues, which were 44.7% in Moso bamboo and 35.2% in Ma bamboo. In addition, we also established an experimental approach for optimizing overexpression of external proteins using Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation of bamboo leaves and whole seedlings. Finally, we utilized the RUBY reporter for monitoring successful transformation samples with red color for downstream experiments in Moso bamboo. In summary, this study provides optimized protocols for the over-expression of candidate genes in protoplasts or bamboo leaves and whole seedlings.

High-Efficient and Transient Transformation of Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) and Ma Bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro)

Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plants in the world, but their shoot buds develop very slowly. Information about the sugar storage and metabolism during the shoot growth is lacking. In the present study, we determined the activity of sucrose and starch metabolizing enzymes during the developmental period of Fargesia yunnanensis from shoot buds to the young culms that have achieved their full height. The soluble sugars and starch contents were also determined and analyzed in shoot buds and shoots at different developmental stages. The results showed that there were higher sucrose contents in shoot buds than shoots, which coincides with the sweeter taste of shoot buds. As the shoot buds sprouted out of the ground, the starch and sucrose were depleted sharply. Coupled with this, the activity of soluble acid invertase (SAI), cell wall-bound invertase (CWI), sucrose synthase at cleavage direction (SUSYC) and starch phosphorylase (STP) increased significantly in the rapidly elongating internodes. These enzymes dominated the rapid elongation of internodes. The activities of SAI, CWI, SUSYC and STP and adenosine diphosphate-glucose pyrophosphorylase were higher as compared to other enzymes in the shoot buds, but were far lower than those in the developing shoots. The slow growth of shoot buds was correlated with the low activity of these enzymes. These results complement our understanding of the physiological differences between shoot buds and elongating shoots and ascertain the physiological mechanism for the rapid growth of bamboo shoots.

Sucrose and starch metabolism during Fargesia yunnanensis shoot growth

The invention provides an anti-season bamboo-joint burying seedling culture method of dendrocalamus hamiltonii. The method includes the steps of soil preparing; in August, cutting off bamboo joints one by one from the root to the middle of the pole of dendrocalamus hamiltonii and cutting two ends of each bamboo joint into the shape of horse ears in parallel, removing branches from each stump except two or three big branches and the trunk; keeping 4-5 joints of each branch; pasting the stump of each bamboo joint with mixture of 600ppm rooting powder solution and field clay, filling the upper cavity of each bamboo joint with water and then pasting the cavity with clay; burying the bamboo joints and completely covering the same with soil; watering; building a mulch shed and a shade net; spraying the stumps of the trunks with 600ppm ABT rooting powder solution each time through an atomizer every 15 days, until the November. By the anti-season bamboo-joint burying seedling culture method ofdendrocalamus hamiltonii, soil utilization rate can be increased, a great quantity of seedlings can be provided for the market, and the rooting percentage of the seedlings can be up to 85%.

Anti-season bamboo-joint burying seedling culture method of dendrocalamus hamiltonii

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Sucrose and starch metabolism during Fargesia yunnanensis shoot growth

Physiological Mechanism of Internode Bending Growth After the Excision of Shoot Sheath in Fargesia yunnanensis and Its Implications for Understanding the Rapid Growth of Bamboos.

Anti-season bamboo-joint burying seedling culture method of dendrocalamus hamiltonii