Honey is known for its content of biomolecules, such as enzymes. The enzymes of honey originate from bees, plant nectars, secretions or excretions of plant-sucking insects, or from microorganisms such as yeasts. Honey can be characterized by enzyme-catalyzed and non-enzymatic reactions. Notable examples of enzyme-catalyzed reactions are the production of hydrogen peroxide through glucose oxidase activity and the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen by catalase enzymes. Production of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from glucose or fructose is an example of non-enzymatic reactions in honey.

/pdf/biochemical-reactions-and-their-biological-contributions-in-v5vmneo4.pdf

Biochemical Reactions and Their Biological Contributions in Honey

Properties and composition of honey are essential in providing information regarding their quality as well as in their differentiation based on production region characteristics, e.g., floral sources. This paper presents physicochemical properties and floral sources (botanical origin) of 21 honey samples obtained from arid and semiarid areas of Kenya, specifically, West Pokot, Baringo, and Kitui Counties. Physicochemical parameters which were analyzed to determine honey quality included moisture content, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), diastase activity, free acidity, and electrical conductivity. Values of these parameters were compared with those of the existing local, regional, and international standards for honey. Melissopalynological analysis (pollen analysis) was also carried out to provide information on botanical origin of the honeys. Results showed mean parameter values of moisture, 16.34%; HMF, 23.28 mg/kg; diastase activity, 10.67 Schade units; free acidity, 22.95 meq/kg; and electrical conductivity, 0.40 mS/cm. Free acidity and electrical conductivity values of honey samples obtained from West Pokot were significantly lower than the values of honeys from Baringo and Kitui. Eighteen (18) honey samples had all parameter values within the limits set in the East African, Codex Alimentarius, and the European Union directive standards for honey. Results also showed a total of 29 pollen types in the honey samples analyzed, and Acacia spp. was the predominant pollen type in 4 of the 21 honey samples. Findings of this study showed that Kenyan origin honeys can tap into the existing regional and international markets based on their quality which can be attributed to their botanical origin. Results of this study also suggested that honey producers have undertaken appropriate measures in honey harvesting, processing, handling, and storage. However, there is a need to build capacity of producers whose honey were of unacceptable quality. This would involve training on proper honey production, processing, and handling practices as well establishment of honey collection and processing centres at the local level in order to improve honey quality. This will enhance access to existing honey markets. Conservation of bee floral sources would also be needed to maintain honey quality.

/pdf/characterization-of-kenyan-honeys-based-on-their-5gqip1ruzm.pdf

Characterization of Kenyan Honeys Based on Their Physicochemical Properties, Botanical and Geographical Origin.

There is an increase in the consumption of natural foods with healthy benefits such as honey The physicochemical composition contributes to the particularities of honey that differ depending on the botanical origin Botanical and geographical declaration protects consumers from possible fraud and ensures the quality of the product The objective of this study was to develop prediction models using a portable near-Infrared (MicroNIR) Spectroscopy to contribute to authenticate honeys from Northwest Spain Based on reference physicochemical analyses of honey, prediction equations using principal components analysis and partial least square regression were developed Statistical descriptors were good for moisture, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), color (Pfund, L and b* coordinates of CIELab) and flavonoids (RSQ > 075; RPD > 20), and acceptable for electrical conductivity (EC), pH and phenols (RSQ > 061; RDP > 15) Linear discriminant analysis correctly classified the 881% of honeys based on physicochemical parameters and botanical origin (heather, chestnut, eucalyptus, blackberry, honeydew, multifloral) Estimation of quality and physicochemical properties of honey with NIR-spectra data and chemometrics proves to be a powerful tool to fulfil quality goals of this bee product Results supported that the portable spectroscopy devices provided an effective tool for the apicultural sector to rapid in-situ classification and authentication of honey

https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/10/2/317/pdf

Prediction of Physicochemical Properties in Honeys with Portable Near-Infrared (microNIR) Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Data Processing.

The aim of this study was to assess the quality and characterise a selection of honey varieties with the use of physicochemical, FTIR, and chemometric analysis. The research material consisted of m...

Use of physicochemical, FTIR and chemometric analysis for quality assessment of selected monofloral honeys

Honey is a functional food used worldwide and recognized for its multiple health benefits. In the present study, the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of honey produced by two species of bees (Melipona eburnea and Apis mellifera) in two seasons were evaluated. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of honey against three bacterial strains was studied. The quality of honey analyzed by LDA (linear discriminant analysis) showed four clusters mediated by the interaction, the bee species, and the collection season resulting from a multivariate function of discrimination. The physicochemical properties of the honey produced by A. mellifera met the requirements of the Codex Alimentarius, while the M. eburnea honey had moisture values outside the established ranges of the Codex. Antioxidant activity was higher in the honey of A. mellifera, and both kinds of honey showed inhibitory activity against S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 and L. monocytogenes ATCC 9118. E. coli ATCC 25922 showed resistance to the analyzed honey.

/pdf/physicochemical-parameters-antioxidant-capacity-and-29os5l7v.pdf

Physicochemical Parameters, Antioxidant Capacity, and Antimicrobial Activity of Honeys from Tropical Forests of Colombia: Apis mellifera and Melipona eburnea

The activities of enzymes are the basis of evaluating the quality of honey. Beekeepers usually use concentrators to process natural honey into concentrated honey by concentrating it under high temperatures. Active enzymes are very sensitive to high temperatures and will lose their activity when they exceed a certain temperature. The objective of this work is to study the kinetic mechanism of the temperature effect on diastase activity and to develop a nondestructive approach for quick determination of the diastase activity of honey through a heating process based on visible and near-infrared (Vis/NIR) spectroscopy. A total of 110 samples, including three species of botanical origin, were used for this study. To explore the kinetic mechanism of diastase activity under high temperatures, the honey of three kinds of botanical origins were processed with thermal treatment to obtain a variety of diastase activity. Diastase activity represented with diastase number (DN) was measured according to the national standard method. The results showed that the diastase activity decreased with the increase of temperature and heating time, and the sensitivity of acacia and longan to temperature was higher than linen. The optimum temperature for production and processing is 60 °C. Unsupervised clustering analysis was adopted to detect spectral characteristics of these honeys, indicating that different botanical origins of honeys can be distinguished in principal component spaces. Partial least squares (PLS) and least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) algorithms were applied to develop quantitative relationships between Vis/NIR spectroscopy and diastase activity. The best result was obtained through Gaussian filter smoothing-standard normal variate (GF-SNV) pretreatment and the LS-SVM model, known as GF-SNV-LS-SVM, with a determination coefficient (R2) of prediction of 0.8872, and root mean square error (RMSE) of prediction of 0.2129. The overall results of this paper showed that the diastase activity of honey can be determined quickly and non-destructively with Vis/NIR spectral methods, which can be used to detect DN in the process of honey production and processing, and to maximize the nutrient content of honey.

Nondestructive Determination of Diastase Activity of Honey Based on Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

The utility model provides a many lotus seeds coring feeding press device, include the frame and set up and construct in feed mechanism, the swager of frame top, feed mechanism includes the blanking fill, have below the blanking is fought and be used for carrying lotus seeds to the runner of each station, the runner includes the runner frame, the runner frame is provided with the baffle box, thereis the guide pin bushing in the baffle box, it is used for accepting baffle box lotus seeds exhaust bin outlet to have the baffle box of being located below in the runner frame, the swager structureincludes by pressing the pivot of material drive arrangement drive rotation pressure material, press the material pivot to have the cam, there is the material of pressure supporting seat in the frame,press material supporting seat fixed connection guide pillar, be equipped with on the guide pillar and press the material slider, the depression bar has on the pressure material slider, press material slider rear side and the contact of cam outer peripheral face, the utility model discloses simple structure utilizes press device before the coring of lotus seeds, can conveniently realize reducingthe loss and the lotus seeds core of lotus seeds and getting rid of the incomplete defect the ajusting of lotus seeds positions.

Many lotus seeds coring feeding press device

The invention provides a coring machine and coring method for many lotus seeds. The coring machine comprises a machine frame, a feeding mechanism, a material pressing mechanism and a coring mechanism,wherein the feeding mechanism, the material pressing mechanism and the coring mechanism are arranged on the machine frame; the feeding mechanism comprises a charging hopper; the charging hopper comprises a funnel-shaped upper framework and a charging plate at the bottom of the upper framework; charging holes of which the diameter is greater than a minor axis of the lotus seeds and smaller than amajor axis of the lotus seeds are formed in the charging plate; a charging pipe which communicates with the charging holes is arranged under the charging holes; and a transporting rotating wheel for transporting the lotus seeds to each service position is arranged under the charging hopper. The coring machine disclosed by the invention is simple in structure; before the lotus seeds are cored, position straightening and coring of the lotus seeds can be conveniently realized by the material pressing device and the coring device, so that the damage of the lotus seeds is reduced, and the defect that the removing of the lotus seed cores is incomplete is reduced; and according to the technical scheme of the coring machine disclosed by the invention, the situation that in the process of coring, the lotus seeds cannot be squeezed out, and during material pressing, material discharging can also be automatically realized by a blocking sliding plate which automatically slides in a rotating wheelcan be guaranteed.

Coring machine and coring method for many lotus seeds

The invention discloses a powdery forage packaging machine and a packaging method. The powdery forage packaging machine is characterized by comprising a rack, a bag winding assembly, an opening expanding assembly, a claw assembly, a falling and pressing assembly, a sealing assembly, a lifting assembly and a bag cutting assembly; the bag winding assembly is installed on the left side of the rack; the falling and pressing assembly is installed above the claw assembly and the opening expanding assembly; the sealing assembly and the bag cutting assembly are connected with the lifting assembly; the claw assembly comprises a motor, an electromagnet and a claw module; the motor drives the claw module to move vertically; the claw module comprises a claw, a sliding block and a connecting rod; the electromagnet controls the sliding block to move; and the sliding block drives the connecting rod to control opening and closing of the claw in a linkage manner. Compared with the prior art, the powdery forage packaging machine and the packaging method have the beneficial effects that the packaging effect is high, the automation degree is high, and the equipment performance is stable.

Powdery forage packaging machine and packaging method

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Papers

Nondestructive Determination of Diastase Activity of Honey Based on Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

Many lotus seeds coring feeding press device

Coring machine and coring method for many lotus seeds

Powdery forage packaging machine and packaging method