Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy: Applications to Chemical Systems Vol 1 Edited by J R Ferraro and L J Basile Pp 311 (Academic: New York, San Francisco and London, 1978) $25; £1625

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Biomineralization induced by microorganisms has become a hot spot in the field of carbonate sedimentology; however, the mechanisms involved still need to be explored. In this study, the bacterium Bacillus subtilis J2 (GenBank MG575432) was used to induce the precipitation of calcium carbonate minerals at Mg/Ca molar ratios of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12. Bacillus subtilis J2 bacteria released ammonia to increase pH, but the ammonia released only made the pH increase to 8.25. Carbonic anhydrase was also produced to catalyze the hydration of carbon dioxide, and this process released carbonate and bicarbonate ions that not only increased pH but also elevated carbonate supersaturation. The biominerals formed at a Mg/Ca molar ratio of 0 were spherulitic, elongated, dumbbell-shaped, and irregularly rhombohedral calcite; at a Mg/Ca molar ratio of 3, the biominerals were calcite and aragonite, the weight ratio of calcite decreased from 26.7% to 15.6%, and that of aragonite increased from 73.3% to 84.4% with increasing incubation time. At higher Mg/Ca molar ratios, the biominerals were aragonite, and the crystallinity and thermal stability of aragonite decreased with increasing Mg/Ca molar ratios. FTIR results showed that many organic functional groups were present on/within the biominerals, such as C–O–C, N–H, C=O, O–H, and C–H. HRTEM-SAED examination of the ultra-thin slices of B. subtilis J2 bacteria showed that nano-sized minerals with poor crystal structure had grown or been adsorbed on the EPS coating. The EPS of the B. subtilis J2 strain contained abundant glutamic acid and aspartic acid, which could be deprotonated in an alkaline condition to adsorb Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions; this made EPS act as the nucleation sites. This study may provide some references for further understanding of the mechanism of biomineralization induced by microorganisms.

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/9/4/218/pdf

Mechanism of Biomineralization Induced by Bacillus subtilis J2 and Characteristics of the Biominerals

Enhanced bioremediation of hydraulic fracturing flowback and produced water using an indigenous biosurfactant-producing bacteria Acinetobacter sp. Y2

The bio-precipitation of calcium and magnesium ions by free and immobilized Lysinibacillus fusiformis DB1-3 in the wastewater

Bacterially mediated struvite usually crystallizes as unusual morphologies. To better understand the relationship between growth habit of struvite and bacterial activity in struvite biomineralization process, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 was selected as a model microbe to induce struvite mineralization in the synthetic sludge liquor. A combination of bacterial and biomimetic mineralization strategies was adopted. Different bacterial components were isolated from the cultures by a set of separation techniques, and used to influence struvite crystallization and growth. The identification and characterization of the mineralized products were done using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TG-DTA, XPS, and elemental analysis. Bacterial mineralization experiments demonstrated that S. oneidensis MR-1 cannot only trigger mineralization and growth of struvite, but also mediate the specific morphogenesis of struvite. Biomimetic mineralization experiments revealed that different bacterial components had different effects on struvite morphology, and low molecular-weight peptides secreted by the bacteria played a dominant role. Current results can provide a deeper insight into bacterially mediated struvite morphogenesis, and be potentially applied to phosphorus and nitrogen recovery from various eutrophic wastewaters.

Bacterially mediated morphogenesis of struvite and its implication for phosphorus recovery

This article presents a study of struvite formation in liquid medium induced by the sulfate-reducing bacterium Acinetobacter calcoaceticus SRB4, a strain isolated from river sediment. We identified the bacterial strain A. calcoaceticus SRB4 and analyzed its micromorphology. The minerals formed were studied with an electroprobe microanalyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, selected-area electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, differential thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus SRB4 was found to induce struvite precipitation, whereas sterile control cultures did not. Many transparent stick-shaped struvite precipitates were distributed at the bottom of the conical flasks in the experimental group. Most bacteria were spherical and a large quantity of spherical struvite particles (less than 200 nm in diameter) adhered to the bacterial surface. An electron probe microanalysis showed that ...

Struvite Precipitation Induced by a Novel Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Acinetobacter calcoaceticus SRB4 Isolated from River Sediment

A novel method for the iodine-mediated reduction of phosphine oxides (sulfides) to phosphines using phosphonic acid under solvent-free conditions is described. By using a combination of H3PO3 and I2, both tertiary monophosphine oxides and bis-phosphine oxides were reduced under this system, readily producing monodentate and bidentate phosphines, respectively, in good yields. Notably, chiral (R)-(+)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl dioxide could be also tolerated without racemization. This new approach is inexpensive and features simple conditions and a wide substrate scope.

Reduction of Triphenylphosphine Oxide to Triphenylphosphine by Phosphonic Acid.

Pyrolysis characteristics of Enteromorpha prolifera, cornstalk (grass biomass) and sawdust (woody biomass) were investigated with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method. The results showed that Enteromorpha prolifera has lower thermostability compared with cornstalk and sawdust. The kinetics parameters including activation energy and the most probable mechan- ism functions of the three biomasses were calculated by Coats-Redfren method. Moreover, using sodium carbonate as catalyst impregnated biomass, the pyrolysis process of the three kinds of biomass and the effect of the catalyst with different concentrations were studied with thermo- gravimetric analysis. The results show that sodium carbonate can decrease the initial decompo- sition temperature and the maximum weight loss temperature. It has a stronger catalytic effect on cornstalk and sawdust on Enteromorpha prolifera as far as the decrease extent of the tem- perature is concerned.

Pyrolysis Characteristics and Catalytic Thermal Cracking of Macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera

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Struvite Precipitation Induced by a Novel Sulfate-Reducing Bacterium Acinetobacter calcoaceticus SRB4 Isolated from River Sediment

Reduction of Triphenylphosphine Oxide to Triphenylphosphine by Phosphonic Acid.

Pyrolysis Characteristics and Catalytic Thermal Cracking of Macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifera