The objective of this work was to sequence the MyoD1, MyoG, MyF5, MyF6, and MSTN genes and to identify polymorphisms in Santa Ines sheep (Ovis aries). A total of 192 lambs with 240 days of age were evaluated, and these genes were sequenced to be compared with the reference sequence in the Ovis aries genome. Genotype and allele frequencies were estimated, and the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested. Fragments containing 2,493 bp (MyoD1), 1,836 bp (MyoG), 2,813 bp (MyF5), 1,126 bp (MyF6), and 2,380 bp (MSTN) were obtained, and, in these sequences, 160 variants were identified. These polymorphisms were distributed as follows: 59 (MyoD1), 24 (MyoG), 63 (MyF5), 4 (MyF6), and 10 (MSTN). One hundred and four were novel polymorphisms, 45 in MyoD1, 2 in MyoG, 56 in MyF5, and 1 in MSTN. Regarding site, 61 were in intron (27 in MyoD1, 16 in MyoG, 5 in MyF5, 3 in MyF6, and 10 in MSTN), 87 in coding region (22 in MyoD1, 8 in MyoG, 56 in MyF5, and 1 in MyF6), and 12 on 3’UTR (10 in MyoD1 and 2 in MyF5). Therefore, the MyoD family and MSTN genes have several polymorphisms in Santa Ines sheep, which can be useful for association studies.

/pdf/polymorphisms-in-myod1-myog-myf5-myf6-and-mstn-genes-in-4l2ofk2tbr.pdf

Polymorphisms in MyoD1 , MyoG , MyF5 , MyF6 , and MSTN genes in Santa Inês sheep

In China, Tong sheep (TS) and Lanzhou fat-tailed sheep (LFTS) are two closely relative endanger breeds for low meat production and low fecundity, finding some marker-assisted selected (MAS) is our first priority for improving their growth traits. For this purpose, Hu sheep (HS) and small-tailed Han sheep (STHS) were compared with two endangered breeds (TS and LFTS). Paired-liked homeodomain transcription factor 2 (PITX2) gene was the important member of PITX family, which could adjust animal growth through hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. During the past years, insertion/deletion (indel) has become increasingly popular in application as MAS. In this study, two novel indel loci were identified, and five significant differences, including chest width, hip width, chest depth, chest circumference, and body height, were found between different breeds. Interestingly, there was no DD genotype and smaller number of ID genotye. All the ID genotypes were significantly greater than II genotype, which was to say the allele of "D" was dominant variation and its frequency was lower, which demonstrated that it has huge space for selection. Briefly, the two indel were potential and useful DNA markers for selecting excellent individuals in relation to growth traits in sheep.

Two New Insertion/Deletion Variants of the PITX2 Gene and their Effects on Growth Traits in Sheep.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Myostatin (MSTN) and MyoGenin (MyoG) on goose skeletal muscle growth. In this study, MSTN and MyoG gene expression in breast and leg muscle of Zi and Rhine goose were detected by Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and the correlations between genes expression levels and carcass traits were investigated. The results showed that the breast muscle weight and breast muscle percentage of Rhine goose were significantly higher than Zi goose (p<0.01). MSTN mRNA and MyoG mRNA expression in breast muscle of Zi goose were significantly higher than that of Rhine goose and the level of MSTN in leg muscle of Rhine was significantly higher than that of Zi goose (p<0.01). There was a significant difference between MSTN mRNA expression in breast muscle and in leg muscle of Zi goose (p<0.01). MSTN mRNA expression in leg muscle was significantly higher than that of breast muscle of Rhine goose (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between MyoG mRNA expression in breast muscle and in leg muscle of Zi goose and Rhine goose (p<0.01). There was a negative correlation between MSTN mRNA expression in breast muscle and body weight, breast muscle weight and breast muscle percentage.

/pdf/expression-of-myostatin-mstn-and-myogenin-myog-genes-in-zi-dam3d52ia6.pdf

Expression of Myostatin (Mstn) and Myogenin (Myog) Genes in Zi And Rhine Goose and Their Correlation with Carcass Traits

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of Yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) gene expression after birth on the development of muscle and the relationship between YAP1 and myostatin (MSTN) and myogenin (MyoG). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to analyze the trends in YAP1, MSTN, and MyoG temporal and spatial expression levels in various skeletal muscles (i.e., longissimus dorsi muscle, soleus muscle, gastrocnemius muscle, and extensor digitorum longus) and across 3 different growth stages (i.e., 2 days old, 2 and 6 months old) of Hu Sheep. The results showed that YAP1 expression was significantly different in the skeletal muscles of sheep; the expression level gradually increased with age; it was highly expressed in the gastrocnemius muscle and minimally expressed in the longissimus dorsi muscle. MSTN, a negative regulator of skeletal muscle development, was minimally expressed in the soleus muscle and might be related to the enlargement of muscle fiber diameter. MyoG, an important factor in regulating skeletal muscle development, was minimally expressed in the longissimus dorsi muscle and extensor digitorum longus, and highly expressed in the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles; it might inhibit the enlargement of muscle fiber diameter after birth. YAP1 expression was significantly (P < 0.05) or extremely significantly (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with MSTN and MyoG at 2 days old, 2 and 6 months old. YAP1 expression was related to muscle fiber development after birth and might be a candidate gene for the regulation of muscle growth.

/pdf/correlation-between-sheep-yap1-temporal-and-spatial-4rc0dm974q.pdf

Correlation between sheep YAP1 temporal and spatial expression trends and MSTN and MyoG gene expression.

In the present study, real time-polymerase chain reaction was applied to analyze the expression of IGF-I and MyoG genes in Hu sheep longissimus dorsi at different growth stages and their association with meat traits. Expression of the IGF-I gene in Hu sheep differed significantly between males and females at the two day-old (0.01 0.05) between males and females at any growth stage in expression of the MyoG gene. MyoG gene expression in male longissimus muscles tended to be higher than that of females at all growth stages, except for the six month-old stage. IGF-I gene expression was significantly and positively correlated with live weight (P 0.05). In contrast, MyoG gene expression was non-significantly and positively correlated with live weight, carcass, and net meat weight (P > 0.05). Carcass traits showed highly significant positive correlations (P < 0.01). Furthermore, expressions of IGF-I and MyoG genes showed highly significant positive correlations (P < 0.01). We conclude that the expressions of IGF-I and MyoG genes are significantly and positively correlated with early muscle traits of Hu sheep.

/pdf/developmental-changes-in-igf-i-and-myog-gene-expression-and-3u6p71n3d0.pdf

Developmental changes in IGF-I and MyoG gene expression and their association with meat traits in sheep.

【Objective】The objective of this study was to discuss developmental changes of gene expression of myostain (MSTN) and myogenin (MyoG) and their association analysis with carcass traits ,and the relationship of the expression level between MSTN gene and MyoG gene in Hu sheep.【Method】The developmental changes of gene expression of MSTN and MyoG on the early growth of Hu sheep were detected by RT-PCR analysis.【Result】MSTN gene expression in muscle of Hu sheep was the lowest at 2 days old,and tended to increase with the increasing age before 60 days,but after 60 days tended to decrease with increasing age.The MyoG gene expression in muscle of male sheep was the lowest at 2 days old,and tended to increase with the increasing age before 30 days,and after 30 days the expression first tended to decrease before 120 days(for male)or before 90 days (for female),and then tended to increase with the increasing age.Among most of different stages there were significant differences or extreme significant difference for MSTN and MyoG gene in males and females of Hu sheep.There was a significant or extremely significant difference between male and female in most of different stages.The expression level of the MSTN and MyoG genes all showed a positive correlation with liveweight,carcass weight and net meat weight,but only MSTN showed a significant relationship with net meat weight (0.01P0.05).MSTN gene showed an extremely significant positive relationship with MyoG(.P0.01).【Conclusion】The age and gender played a very important role in the expression of sheep muscle.MSTN and MyoG genes showed a similar variation pattern for the male and female.Both of MSTN and MyoG gene expression in muscle of Hu sheep did not always tend to increase or decrease with the increasing age.MSTN gene showed an extremely significant positive relationship with MyoG gene on the early growth of Hu sheep.

Developmental Changes of Gene Expression of Myostain and Myogenin Genes and Their Association Analysis with Carcass Traits in Hu Sheep

【Objective】The objective of this study was to discuss the developmental changes of gene expression of growth hormone receptor(GHR) and insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ) and their association analysis with meat quality traits,and the relationship of the expression level between GHR gene and IGF-Ⅰgene in Hu sheep.【Method】The developmental changes of gene expression of GHR gene and IGF-Ⅰgene on the early growth of Hu sheep were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR.【Result】The results were as followes: With increasing age after birth,the GHR expression trend of ewes was up-down-up-down-up,and 6-month reached the top.The GHR expression trend of rams was that 2-day-old to 2-month-old was increasing,2-month-old to 4-month-old was decreasing,4-month-old to 6-month-old was increasing and reached the top.With the increasing age after birth,the IGF-Ⅰgene expression trend of ewes was increasing from 2-day-old to 6-month-old which had the top expression.The IGF-Ⅰgene expression trend of rams was that at 2-day-old firstly increased to a peak at one-month-old,1-month-old to 3-month-old had a decreasing process and reached the same level which was close to the newborn,and then increased with the increasing age,and 6-month-old reached the top.Most growth phases had a significant difference or extreme significant difference in GHR and IGF-Ⅰand the expressions of GHR and IGF-Ⅰbetween most rams and ewes that at the same growth phase had a significant difference or extreme significant difference.The results showed that the expressions of GHR and IGF-Ⅰhad a significant positive correlation,(0.01P0.05) the expressions of GHR and IGF-Ⅰgenes had a extreme significant positive correlation(P0.01) with diameter of muscle fibers and a extreme significant negative correlation(P0.01) with density of muscle fibers,and the expressions of GHR had a extreme significant positive correlation(P0.01) with shear force of muscle fibers,the expression of IGF-Ⅰhad a significant positive correlation with shear force of muscle fibers(0.01P0.05).【Conclusion】The results showed that different stages and different genders had important influences on the expressions of GHR and IGF-Ⅰgenes in sheep skeletal muscle.After birth,the expressions of the two genes did not always increase or decrease,the turning points of different genes expression were not at the same time.The expression of GHR and IGF-Ⅰhad a significant positive correlation in early muscle traits of Hu sheep.GHR and IGF-Ⅰgene can be regarded as the candidate gene for the trait of meat quality in Hu Sheep.

Developmental Changes of Gene Expression of GHR and IGF-I Genes and Their Association Analysis with Meat Quality Traits in Hu Sheep

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Developmental Changes of Gene Expression of Myostain and Myogenin Genes and Their Association Analysis with Carcass Traits in Hu Sheep

Developmental Changes of Gene Expression of GHR and IGF-I Genes and Their Association Analysis with Meat Quality Traits in Hu Sheep