Intestinal bacteria in bioaerosols and factors affecting their survival in two oxidation ditch process municipal wastewater treatment plants located in different regions.

Characterization, factors, and UV reduction of airborne bacteria in a rural wastewater treatment station.

This chapter will focus on the most relevant recent advances in our understanding of nanoparticle toxicity and their adverse health effects in humans. We will show compelling evidence related to nanoparticle uptake, biodistribution, and putative roles in human disease etiopathogenesis. Nanoparticles have different physicochemical properties compared with larger particles or bulk materials. As a result, they are increasingly being used in applications in various fields. It is of paramount importance to be aware of their toxicity for several reasons. Exposure to nanoparticles can occur when handling them, as a result of accidental environmental release, during waste disposal and or recycling. Nanoparticles are very small particles that can enter human body through several routes, such as inhalation, ingestion, or dermal exposure. Due to their small size, they can evade the immune system, enter circulatory apparatus, and reach organs. Being smaller than cells, nanoparticles can penetrate cell walls, enter organelles, and disturb cell physiology, leading to cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. A large amount of data including in vitro cell studies, in vivo studies in animals and humans, epidemiological studies, and occupational health studies report on nanoparticle toxicity. There is a growing body of evidence linking nanoparticle exposure to many adverse health effects such as cardiovascular diseases, arteriosclerosis, high blood pressure, blood clots, stroke, arrhythmia, heart disease, heart attack; respiratory diseases such as lung cancer; neurodegenerative diseases such as dementia, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases; and reproductive system toxicity. As such, improving our overall understanding of the toxic effects of these novel materials will help us prevent undesirable health consequences.

Toxicity of nanoparticles

Toll-like receptor 4 is a key regulator of asthma exacerbation caused by aluminum oxide nanoparticles via regulation of NF-κB phosphorylation.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a vital role in public health because it can emit a large quantity of bioaerosols. Exposure to bioaerosols from WWTPs is a potential health risk to WWTP workers and surrounding residents. In this study, the seasonal fluctuation of aerosolization ratios of several bioaerosols and quantitative health risks of the WWTP workers and the surrounding residents exposed to total coliform, fecal coliform, and enterococcal bioaerosols were analyzed. Results showed that the aerosolization ratio of airborne bacteria was higher in the cold seasons and lower in the warm seasons, whereas the aerosolization ratio of airborne fungi was the highest in summer. The aerosolization ratio of airborne fungi was evidently higher than that of other bioaerosols. Moreover, the aerosolization ratio under the inverted umbrella aerator mode was generally higher than that under the microporous aerator mode. For each exposure scenario, the health risks of males were generally 7.2–26.7% higher than those of females. The health risks of the exposure population exposed to total coliform and enterococcal bioaerosols were generally higher in warm seasons, whereas those of the population exposed to fecal coliform bioaerosol were the highest in winter. Additionally, the health risks of exposure population without masks under the imprudent/conservative estimate all exceeded the benchmarks. However, when equipped with masks, all the exposure populations’ health risks decreased 1–2 orders of magnitude and approached acceptable levels. This research methodically provides new scientific data on the aerosolization ratio of microorganism bioaerosols in a WWTP and promotes the comprehension of their quantitative health risks under imprudent/conservative estimates.

Seasonal fluctuation of aerosolization ratio of bioaerosols and quantitative microbial risk assessment in a wastewater treatment plant

Investigation of discharged aerosol nanoparticles during chemical precipitation and spray pyrolysis for developing safety measures in the nano research laboratory.

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Investigation of discharged aerosol nanoparticles during chemical precipitation and spray pyrolysis for developing safety measures in the nano research laboratory.