We propose a method for the concealment of frame erasures in packet switched speech communication systems such as Voice over IP that is particularly tailored to the case of wireless transmission At the receiver, the concealment algorithm is assisted by specific side information that is communicated via a steganographic channel within the bitstream of the employed speech codec An exemplary implementation for the AMR codec is described and the obtained results are discussed

Steganographic Packet Loss Concealment forWireless VoIP

Preface. Acronyms. Notation. Introduction. Signal Processing Techniques. Stochastic Processes and Models. Linear Prediction. Scalar Quantization. Pulse Code Modulation and Its Variants. Vector Quantization. Scalar Quantization of Linear Prediction Coefficient. Linear Prediction Coding. Regular-Pulse Excitation Coders. Code-Excited Linear Prediction. The Federal Standard Version of CELP. Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction. Low-Delay CELP. Vector Quantization of Linear Prediction Coefficient. Algebraic CELP. Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction. Source-Controlled Variable Bit-Rate CELP. Speech Quality Assessment. Appendix A: Minimum-Phase Property of the Forward Prediction-Error Filter. Appendix B: Some Properties of Line Spectral Frequency. Appendix C: Research Directions in Speech Coding. Appendix D: Linear Combiner for Pattern Classification. Appendix E: CELP: Optimal Long-Term Predictor to Minimize the Weighted Difference. Appendix F: Review of Linear Algebra: Orthogonality, Basis, Linear Independence, and the Gram-Schmidt Algorithm. Bibliography. Index.

Speech coding algorithms : foundation and evolution of standardized coders

A method for redundant frame coding by an electronic device is described. The method includes determining an adaptive codebook energy and a fixed codebook energy based on a frame. The method also includes coding a redundant version of the frame based on the adaptive codebook energy and the fixed codebook energy. The method further includes sending a subsequent frame.

Devices for redundant frame coding and decoding

In last few years, voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) has been gaining popularity as an alternative to traditional telephone by transmitting voice signals as packets over the Internet and private IP-based networks. However, voice packets experience loss, delay, and delay variation, which requires buffering, playout scheduling and loss concealment at the receiver. In this paper, we give an overview of a VoIP application and show how playout scheduling and loss concealment are jointly used to optimize perceived speech quality. We use this optimization criterion to design a histogram-based playout scheduling algorithm. Then, we identify the limitations of the VoIP application for this scheme and propose improvement using path diversity approach that can be implemented via a Service Overlay Network (SON). We present simulations results that show significant improvement of VoIP quality by using this approach.

/pdf/optimizing-voice-over-ip-speech-quality-using-path-diversity-2ypn2vziuv.pdf

Optimizing Voice-over-IP Speech Quality Using Path Diversity

In this chapter, the authors propose an algorithm for packet loss concealment (PLC) in transmission over IP-based networks with high packet loss rate. The algorithm is a sender-receiver-based extension of ANSI T1.521a Annex B PLC standard for G.711 voice codec. It consists in adding to a transmitted packet redundant parameters describing speech signal in another packet. Efficiency of the proposed algorithm was verified using subjective Absolute Category Rating (ACR) method and objective PESQ algorithm, and compared with original ANSI T1.521a Annex B standard. The intelligibility of speech was assessed using Semantically Unpredictable Sentences (SUS) tests. For high packet loss rates, all assessment methods proved superiority of the proposed algorithm over the original ANSI standard. The ACR tests showed that the proposed method can maintain speech quality above 3 in MOS scale even for packet loss rates of 20%-25%.

Packet Loss Concealment Algorithm for VoIP Transmission in Unreliable Networks

This paper presents a method to improve the performance of redundancy-based packet-loss-concealment (PLC) schemes. Many redundancy-based PLC schemes send a fixed amount of extra information about the current packet as part of the subsequent packet, but not every packet is equally important for PLC. We have developed a method to determine the importance of packets and we propose that redundant information should only be sent for the important packets. This results in a lower average bit-rate compared to sending a fixed amount of extra information, without sacrificing much from the quality of the concealment. We use a linear prediction (LP) based speech coder (ITU-T G.723.1) as a test platform and we propose that only the excitation parameters should be sent as extra information since LP parameters of a frame can be estimated using the LP parameters of the previous frame.

/pdf/dynamically-adding-redundancy-for-improved-error-concealment-4y5ux0iwzw.pdf

Dynamically adding redundancy for improved error concealment in packet voice coding

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Dynamically adding redundancy for improved error concealment in packet voice coding