Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) has been observed in a dilute gas of sodium atoms. A Bose-Einstein condensate consists of a macroscopic population of the ground state of the system, and is a coherent state of matter. In an ideal gas, this phase transition is purely quantum-statistical. The study of BEC in weakly interacting systems which can be controlled and observed with precision holds the promise of revealing new macroscopic quantum phenomena that can be understood from first principles.

Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms

The buildup of static charge on satellite surfaces is an important issue in the utilization of satellite systems. The analysis of this phenomenon has required important advances in basic charging theory and the development of complex codes to evaluate the plasma sheaths that surround satellites. The results of these theories and calculations have wide application in space physics in the design of systems and in the interpretation of low-energy plasma measurements. In this review, those aspects of charge buildup on satellite surfaces relevant to the space physics community are summarized. The types of charging processes, models of charge buildup, satellite sheath theories, and charging observations are described with emphasis on basic concepts.

The charging of spacecraft surfaces

We review the status of the theory of ionization of atoms and ions by intense laser radiation (Keldysh's theory). We discuss the applicability of the theory, its relation to the Landau–Dykhne method, and its application to the ionization of atoms by ultrashort nonmonochromatic laser pulses of an arbitrary shape. The semiclassical imaginary time method is applied to describe electron sub-barrier motion using classical equations of motion with an imaginary time i for an electron in the field of an electromagnetic wave. We also discuss tunneling interference of transition amplitudes, a phenomenon occurring due to the existence of several saddle points in the complex time plane and leading to fast oscillations in the momentum distribution of photoelectrons. Nonperturbatively taking the Coulomb interaction between an outgoing electron and the atomic residual into account causes significant changes in the photoelectron momentum distribution and in the level ionization rates, the latter usually increasing by orders of magnitude for both tunneling and multiquantum ionization. The effect of a static magnetic field on the ionization rate and the magnetic cumulation process is examined. The theory of relativistic tunneling is discussed, relativistic and spin corrections to the ionization rate are calculated, and the applicability limits of the nonrelativistic Keldysh theory are determined. Finally, the application of the Fock method to the covariant description of nonlinear ionization in the relativistic regime is discussed.

Current progress in developing the nonlinear ionization theory of atoms and ions

In this review attention is called to basic phenomena and physical processes involved in the expansion of a plasma into a vacuum, or the expansion of a plasma into a more tenuous plasma, in particular the fact that upon the expansion, ions are accelerated and reach energies well above their thermal energy. Also, in the process of the expansion a rarefaction wave propagates into the ambient plasma, an ion front moves into the expansion volume, and discontinuities in plasma parameters occur. The physical processes which cause the above phenomena are discussed, and their possible application is suggested for the case of the distribution of ions and electrons (hence plasma potential and electric fields) in the wake region behind artificial and natural obstacles moving supersonically in a rarefied space plasma. To illustrate this, some in situ results are reexamined. Directions for future work in this area via the utilization of the Space Shuttle and laboratory work are also mentioned.

The expansion of a plasma into a vacuum - Basic phenomena and processes and applications to space plasma physics

Twenty years after the landmark SCATHA program, spacecraft charging and its associated effects continue to be major issues for Earth-orbiting spacecraft. Since the time of SCATHA, spacecraft charging investigations were focused primarily on surface effects and spacecraft external surface design issues. Today, however, a significant proportion of spacecraft anomalies are believed to be caused by internal charging effects (charging and ESD events internal to the spacecraft Faraday cage envelope). This review will, following a brief summary of the state of the art in surface charging, concentrate on the problems introduced by penetrating electrons ("internal charging") and related processes (buried charge and deep dielectric charging). With the advent of tethered spacecraft and the deployment of the International Space Station, low altitude charging has taken on a new significance as well. These and issues tied to the dense, low altitude plasma environment and the auroral zone will also be briefly reviewed.

Spacecraft charging, an update

I. Introduction 13 1. Formulation of Problem, Initial Data 13 2. Brief Summary of the Literature 16 II. Structure of Disturbed Region in the Vicinity of a Body Moving Rapidly in a Plasma 17 3. Initial Equations 17 4. Disturbances of Neutral-particle Concentration 18 5. Influence of Magnetic Field on the Ion-concentration Disturbance 21 6. Electric Field Around a Body 25 III. Scattering of Radiowaves by the "Trail" of a Body Moving Rapidly in a Plasma 29 7. Formulation of the Problem 29 8. Calculation of the Fourier Components of the Electron-concentration Disturbance 30 9. Effective Cross Section for the Scattering by the Trail of the Body 34 10. Character of the Field of the Scattered Wave at the Point of Observation 38 11. Effective Scattering Cross Section in the Absence of an External Magnetic Field 40 12. Disturbances Brought About by a Point-like Body 41 IV. Particle Flux in the Vicinity of the Body 42 13. General Remarks 42 14. Flux of Neutral Particles in the Vicinity of a Rapidly Moving Body 43 V. Conclusion 45 Cited Literature 45

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/PU1963v006n01ABEH003492/pdf

Effects produced by an artificial satellite rapidly moving in the ionosphere or in an interplanetary medium

Reviews of Topical Problems: Ionospheric Aerodynamics

Imaginary time and the Landau method of calculating quasiclassical matrix elements

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/PU1968v011n03ABEH003839/pdf

Second sound in solids

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1070/PU1967v010n01ABEH003201/pdf

ZERO SOUND IN LIQUID He3

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