‘Polyaniline’: Protonic acid doping of the emeraldine form to the metallic regime

Polyaniline: A historical survey

2.2. Cathodic Electropolymerization 4732 2.2.1. Electropolymerization of PPXs and PPVs 4732 3. Charging-Discharging of Conducting Polymers 4733 3.1. Redox Properties of Oligomers and Polymers 4733 3.2. Specific Phenomena of n-Doping 4739 3.3. Conductivity in Charged Systems 4740 4. Controlling the Electropolymerization Process 4742 4.1. Influence of the Polymerization Technique 4742 4.2. Influence of Experimental Conditions 4743 4.3. Electropolymerization in Novel Electrolytic Media 4745

Electrochemistry of Conducting Polymers—Persistent Models and New Concepts†

“Polyaniline” has been synthesized in various forms both chemically and electrochemically in aqueous media. The qulnoid-benzenoid-diimine form, an insulator, is doped by dilute aqueous protonic acids to the metallic regime ([sgrave] = 5 ohm−1cm−1; compressed pellet) to give the corresponding iminium salt. This represents a new type of p-doping phenomenon in a conducting polymer. Both these forms are stable in the presence of air and/or water. The doping process is reversed by treatment with aqueous alkali. Cyclic voltammetry studies in an aqueous electrolyte show excellent reversibility between selected reduced and oxidized forms of polyaniline.

“Polyaniline”: Interconversion of Metallic and Insulating Forms

Review: Polyaniline-A novel polymeric material.

Polyaniline was electrodeposited on platinum and semiconducting (Cd-chalcogenides, Si, GaAs, GaP) electrodes from aqueous solution (pH = 1) containing aniline. The electrochemical behavior of such films was examined in aqueous and nonaqueous solutions by cyclic voltammetry. Results show that the polyaniline film is conducting in both cathodic and anodic regions at pH < 3 as evidenced by the electrochemical redox reactions of various redox couples on polyanilinecoated electrodes. In general, all polyaniline-coated semiconductor electrodes examined in this work exhibited enhanced stability of the photocurrent when compared to that of the naked electrodes.

Enhanced Stability of Photoelectrodes with Electrogenerated Polyaniline Films

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to a process for forming small diameter vias at low temperatures. In preferred embodiments, through-substrate vias are fabricated by forming a through-substrate via; and depositing conductive material into the via by means of a flowing solution plating technique, wherein the conductive material releases a gas that pushes the conductive material through the via to facilitate plating the via with the conductive material. In preferred embodiments, the fabrication of the substrate is conducted at low temperatures.

Low temperature method for fabricating high-aspect ratio vias and devices fabricated by said method

The basic principles of electrochemical photovoltaic cells are reviewed, with emphasis on the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. Systems for direct conversion of solar to electrical energy are compared with those designed for production of chemical fuels. Recent results are presented as examples. The characteristics of electrochemical solar cells are compared with those of solid state devices.

Electrochemical solar cells: principles and recent results

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Enhanced Stability of Photoelectrodes with Electrogenerated Polyaniline Films

Low temperature method for fabricating high-aspect ratio vias and devices fabricated by said method

Electrochemical solar cells: principles and recent results