Recent advancements in latent heat phase change materials and their applications for thermal energy storage and buildings: A state of the art review

This review paper gives an overview of recent developments in nanoparticle research and semiconductor industry applications. Nanoparticles have become useful building blocks for a variety of semiconductor devices and processes. Quantum dot technology, thin-film deposition, chemical mechanical planarization, and semiconductor nanocrystals are some of the main fields where nanoparticles have made significant strides. It highlights the special traits and skills of nanoparticles that allow for novel functionalities and enhanced efficiency in semiconductors. Nanoparticles are extremely important in the production of semiconductors because of their special characteristics and uses such as copper, gold, silver, etc. These nanoparticles are crucial for developing semiconductor technology because they provide improved thermal stability, increased conductivity, and compatibility with current fabrication methods. Their incorporation into semiconductor manufacturing procedures aids in the creation of high-performance hardware, and the execution of novel applications. This review paper also recognizes the difficulties in synthesizing, integrating, and taking safety precautions with nanoparticles. This paper emphasizes the need for more research and development to get around current obstacles and guarantee their successful implementation while recognizing the promising role that nanoparticles will play in determining the future of semiconductor applications. 

Advances and significances of nanoparticles in semiconductor applications – A review

Concentrating solar power (CSP) technologies: Status and analysis

This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent studies in electrical power generation from various thermal-consuming processes. In particular, the paper concentrates on TEG technology in recovering waste heat from industrial applications such as chimneys and automotive engines . Studies conclude that TEGs have a lower conversion efficiency (ranging between 5% and 10%), leading to low power output. Also, they state that most of the available TEGs have low operating temperatures limiting their commercial use. Therefore, an effort is taken to understand the key parameters that influence the performance of a thermoelectric generator. It is shown that a large temperature difference across the module, high heat dissipation from the cold side of the TEG and using thermoelectric materials with a high figure of merit generally improve the performance of the thermoelectric generator system. TEG module's cold-side temperature has a large effect on the power output than the hot-side temperature. Several geometric optimization methods, such as flaps and heat spreaders under natural convection resulted in a 129% and 42% increase in TEG power output, respectively. The survey also shows that forced cooling using side-mounted fans produces 58.6% more power compared to the top-mounted fan on the heat sink. However, optimization in fan selection is required to ensure that the power produced by forced cooling is sufficient to run the fans and output higher than the natural convection cooling case. Several studies also show that most of the commercially available TEG modules made from Bismuth telluride suffer from low operating temperature (maximum of 260 0 C) and have figure of merit of 1.2 maximum and low conversion efficiency (up to 5%). Recommendations are made to further research alternatives like SiGe alloys, clathrates , skutterudites , and complementary metal-oxide semiconductors with better temperature ranges and figures of merit. 

Comprehensive review in waste heat recovery in different thermal energy-consuming processes using thermoelectric generators for electrical power generation

Energy storage is one of the core concepts demonstrated incredibly remarkable effectiveness in various energy systems. Energy storage systems are vital for maximizing the available energy sources, thus lowering energy consumption and costs, reducing environmental impacts, and enhancing the power grids' flexibility and reliability. Artificial intelligence (AI) progressively plays a pivotal role in designing and optimizing thermal energy storage systems (TESS). Recently, plenty of studies have been conducted to examine the feasibility of applying artificial intelligence techniques, such as particle swarm optimization (PSO), artificial neural networks (ANN), square vector machine (SVM) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), in the energy storage sector. This study introduces the classifications, roles, and efficient design optimization of energy systems in various applications using different artificial intelligence approaches. This study discusses the progress made regarding implementing artificial intelligence and its sub-categories for optimizing, predicting, and controlling the performance of energy systems that contain thermal energy storage facilities. In addition, the performance of these technologies is thoroughly analyzed, highlighting their noticeable accuracy while carrying out different objectives. Recommendations and future research points are introduced to offer new concepts and inspiration for the application of AI in TESS. 

Application of artificial intelligence for prediction, optimization, and control of thermal energy storage systems

Nowadays humans are facing difficult issues, such as increasing power costs, environmental pollution and global warming. In order to reduce their consequences, scientists are concentrating on improving power generators focused on energy harvesting. Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have demonstrated their capacity to transform thermal energy directly into electric power through the Seebeck effect. Due to the unique advantages they present, thermoelectric systems have emerged during the last decade as a promising alternative among other technologies for green power production. In this regard, thermoelectric device output prediction is important both for determining the future use of this new technology and for specifying the key design parameters of thermoelectric generators and systems. Moreover, TEGs are environmentally safe, work quietly as they do not include mechanical mechanisms or rotating elements and can be manufactured on a broad variety of substrates such as silicon, polymers and ceramics. In addition, TEGs are position-independent, have a long working life and are ideal for bulk and compact applications. Furthermore, Thermoelectric generators have been found as a viable solution for direct generation of electricity from waste heat in industrial processes. This paper presents in-depth analysis of TEGs, beginning with a comprehensive overview of their working principles such as the Seebeck effect, the Peltier effect, the Thomson effect and Joule heating with their applications, materials used, Figure of Merit, improvement techniques including different thermoelectric material arrangements and technologies used and substrate types. Moreover, performance simulation examples such as COMSOL Multiphysics and ANSYS-Computational Fluid Dynamics are investigated.

/pdf/thermoelectric-generator-teg-technologies-and-applications-2q77gupbhn.pdf

Thermoelectric generator (TEG) technologies and applications

https://zenodo.org/record/6597453/files/1-s2.0-S0360544222012609-main.pdf

Analysis of energy demand in a residential building using TRNSYS

In this work, computational modelling and performance assessment of several different types of variable thermoelectric legs have been performed under steady-state conditions and the results reviewed. The study conducted has covered geometries, not previously analysed in the literature, such as Cone-leg and Diamond-leg, based on the corresponding thermoelectric generator leg shape structure. According to the findings, it has been demonstrated that the inclusion of a variable cross-section can have an impact on the efficiency of a thermoelectric generator. It has been concluded that the Diamond configuration generated a slightly larger voltage difference than the conventional Rectangular geometry. In addition, for two cases, Rectangular and Diamond configurations, the voltage generated by a TEG module consisting of 128 pairs of legs was analysed. As thermal stress analysis is an important factor in the selection of TEG leg geometries, it was observed based on simulations that the newly implemented Diamond-leg geometry encountered lower thermal stresses than the traditional Rectangular model, while the Cone-shape may fail structurally before the other TEG models. The proposed methodology, taking into account the results of the simulation carried out, provides guidance for the development of thermoelectric modules with different forms of variable leg geometry.

Investigation and Computational Modelling of Variable TEG Leg Geometries

Researchers are constantly looking for new materials that exploit the Seebeck phenomenon to convert heat into electrical energy using thermoelectric generators (TEGs). New lead-free thermoelectric materials are being investigated as part of the EU project InComEss, with one of the anticipated uses being converting wasted heat into electric energy. Such research aims to reduce the production costs as well as the environmental impact of current TEG modules which mostly employ bismuth for their construction. The use of polymers that, despite lower efficiency, achieve increasingly higher values of electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficients at a low heat transfer coefficient is increasingly discussed in the literature. This article presents two thermoelectric generator (TEG) models based on data previously described in the literature. Two types of designs are presented: consisting of 4- and 49-leg pairs of p- and n-type composites based on polypropylene melt-mixed with single-walled carbon nanotubes. The models being developed using COMSOL Multiphysics software and validated based on measurements carried out in the laboratory. Based on the results of the analysis, conductive polymer composites employing insulating matrices can be considered as a promising material of the future for TEG modules. 

Experimental and computational analysis of thermoelectric modules based on melt-mixed polypropylene composites

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Papers

Thermoelectric generator (TEG) technologies and applications

Analysis of energy demand in a residential building using TRNSYS

Investigation and Computational Modelling of Variable TEG Leg Geometries

Experimental and computational analysis of thermoelectric modules based on melt-mixed polypropylene composites