This chapter describes a variety of qualitative methods that can be used within psychotherapy process research (PPR). After a general introduction of qualitative PPR, this chapter focuses on research design, sampling, data collection, and data analysis. This chapter offers a dimensional conceptualization, especially for data collection and analysis, which provides organization to the different methods employed to collect and analyze data in qualitative PPR. Finally, quality criteria for this type of research are examined and briefly discussed.

Qualitative Methods in Psychotherapy Process Research

To understand how and why psychotherapy works, it is necessary to focus on (both) the process of psychotherapy (ie, what takes place during the treatment) and the relationship between this process and the outcome of psychotherapy (ie, the treatment’s clinical effects) In the present chapter, we provide an overview of three main quantitative research strategies that may be differently used to fulfill this aim These include treatment process research (which investigates what takes place during psychotherapy, regardless of its clinical meaningfulness), change process research (which investigates what takes place during psychotherapy, with regard to its clinical meaningfulness), and process-outcome research (which investigates the relationship between what takes place during psychotherapy and its clinical effects) We first define the process and outcome of psychotherapy; then, for each research approach proposed, we review the research design, data collection, and data analysis issues; finally, we conclude with suggestions for future research

Quantitative Approaches to Treatment Process, Change Process, and Process-Outcome Research

The bibliography presents an overview of empirical research publications 1940–2015 within the person-centered-experiential-humanistic (PCE) paradigm. The survey consists of three parts:Part A. PCE outcome and process studies: A survey of overviews and meta-analysesPart B. Research instruments based on/akin to PCE conceptsPart C. PCE perspectives on ideological, professional and methodological research issues: Reflections and proposals.

The research tradition in person-centered/experiential psychotherapy and counseling: bibliographical survey 1940–2015

The present paper introduces the special issue on Text Analysis in Quantitative and Qualitative Psychotherapy Process Research. The motivation for this special issue grew out of recognition of the following: (1) both quantitative and qualitative psy-chotherapy process research (PPR) make extensive use of text analysis (TA); (2) TA presents different characteristics that serve different aims in quantitative and qualitative PPR; and (3) researchers are not always fully aware of these differences in explicit and systematic ways. The present paper, together with the special issue it introduces, aims at stimulating a more explicit and systematic methodological reflection on the different ways in which TA may be used in quantitative and qualitative PPR. We first outline the general differences between TA in quantitative and qualitative PPR; then, we describe the extent to which the papers in this special issue illustrate these differences. Finally, we conclude by stressing that PPR may significantly benefit from researchers becoming more fully aware of the differences.

/pdf/text-analysis-within-quantitative-and-qualitative-1q2l9563v6.pdf

Text Analysis within Quantitative and Qualitative Psychotherapy Process Research: Introduction to Special Issue

Objective: We ask which are the clinically relevant qualities of narratives in psychotherapy and how they can be measured. Method: On the background of psychoanalytic assumptions and narrative theory, we propose to measure formal narrative processes which stay close to the linguistic surface, because these escape conscious control. Results: We propose five aspects of narratives to be especially sensitive to distortions and therefore prone to change in successful therapies: (1) The actual chronological, stepwise narrating of events, (2) the intentional structuring of events, or emplotment, (3) the immediate evaluation, (4) the reflected interpretation of events, and finally (5) the consistency and completeness of the narrative. For each aspect we discuss ways to measure them. Finally the aspects are illustrated with excerpts from a series of diagnostic interviews. Discussion: Implications for the analysis of the co-narrative role of the therapist are suggested.

The form of the story: Measuring formal aspects of narrative activity in psychotherapy†

Drawing on a Dialectical Constructivist model of therapeutic change, this paper addresses the fundamental contributions of client narrative disclosure, emotional differentiation and reflexive meaning-making processes in emotion-focused treatments of depression. An overview of the multi-methodological steps undertaken to empirically investigate the contributions of client storytelling, emotional differentiation, and meaning-making processes, using the Narrative Processes Coding System (NPCS; Angus et al., 1999) are provided, followed by a summary of key research findings that informed the development of a narrative-informed approach to emotion-focused therapy of depression (Angus & Greenberg, 2011). Finally, therapy practice implications for the adoption of a research-informed approach to working with narrative and emotion processes in emotion-focused therapy are described and future research directions discussed.

/pdf/narrative-processes-coding-system-a-dialectical-3gd71ijwfp.pdf

Narrative Processes Coding System: A Dialectical Constructivist Approach to Assessing Client Change Processes in Emotion-Focused Therapy of Depression

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Narrative Processes Coding System: A Dialectical Constructivist Approach to Assessing Client Change Processes in Emotion-Focused Therapy of Depression