Agri-biomass derived lignin is one of the most abundant natural nontoxic organic polymers. However, a major portion of lignin is underutilized, which is being left in the fields or thrown into rivers, causing waste accumulation. Utilization of the low-cost biomass-derived lignin serves a dual purpose by reducing agri-waste and by converting it into value-added materials. Here we describe the valorization of agri-biomass based lignin via its direct utilization in the green and one-step synthesis of zinc oxide nanocomposites. Lignin offered an easy and sustainable synthesis of nanocomposites in a water-ethanol mixture without the need to use any toxic material. The lignin derived nanomaterials showed excellent potential as antioxidant, UV-blocking and antimicrobial agents due to the synergistic effect of lignin and zinc oxide. Further, these nanocomposites were incorporated as an additive into a commonly used body cream to impart UV-blocking and antimicrobial properties. This one-step, cost-effective and green synthesis technique of lignin derived zinc oxide nanocomposites not only contributes to agro-waste reduction, but at the same time helps in the production of value-added materials.

Development of agri-biomass based lignin derived zinc oxide nanocomposites as promising UV protectant-cum-antimicrobial agents

Green synthesis of nanoparticles using phytoconstituents has been widely accepted. However, further applications for delivery, diagnosis, and therapy are not yet fully established. Thus, bioinspired nanomedicinal diagnostic agents have been developed with antioxidant, diagnostic, as well as therapeutic properties. The sustainable biological synthesis of fluorescent gold nanoparticles using Syzygium cumini fruit extract presents a simplified process for the production of surface-functionalized nanoparticles with good antioxidant potential. The gold-based phototheranostic nanoagents (PTNAs) were engineered by conjugating nanoparticles either with a photosensitizer (rose bengal or pyridyl porphyrin) or with an imaging agent (rhodamine B). The assembled PTNAs were revealed to possess good fluorescent properties and to generate singlet oxygen, and showed antimicrobial properties when irradiated with low-cost green LED light. All of the processes and properties (synthesis, antioxidant potential, percent conjuga...

Development of gold-based phototheranostic nanoagents through bioinspired route and their applications in photodynamic therapy

Sustainable Lignin-Based Coatings Doped with Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites Exhibit Synergistic Microbicidal and UV-Blocking Performance toward Personal Protective Equipment

Abstract Near-infrared (NIR) organic small molecule dyes (OSMDs) are effective photothermal agents for photothermal therapy (PTT) due to their advantages of low cost and toxicity, good biodegradation, and strong NIR absorption over a wide wavelength range. Nevertheless, OSMDs have limited applicability in PTT due to their low photothermal conversion efficiency and inadequate destruction of tumor regions that are nonirradiated by NIR light. However, they can also act as photosensitizers (PSs) to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can be further eradicated by using ROS-related therapies to address the above limitations of PTT. In this review, the synergistic mechanism, composition, and properties of photodynamic therapy (PDT)–PTT nanoplatforms were comprehensively discussed. In addition, some specific strategies for further improving the combined PTT and PDT based on OSMDs for cancer to completely eradicate cancer cells were outlined. These strategies include performing image-guided co-therapy, enhancing tumor infiltration, increasing H 2 O 2 or O 2 in the tumor microenvironment, and loading anticancer drugs onto nanoplatforms to enable combined therapy with phototherapy and chemotherapy. Meanwhile, the intriguing prospects and challenges of this treatment modality were also summarized with a focus on the future trends of its clinical application. Graphical Abstract 

Near-infrared photodynamic and photothermal co-therapy based on organic small molecular dyes

In the present investigation, biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Cinnamon zeylanicum bark extract was described. The extraction of Cinnamon zeylanicum bark was carried out in various solvents such as aqueous, ethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with different polarity. The aldehyde content and antioxidant activity of each extract were estimated. Subsequently, these extracts were used for the synthesis of AgNPs and the growth of nanoparticles was periodically monitored by UV–visible spectroscopy and observed the drastic change in the appearance of the colloidal solutions. The correlation between total aldehyde content, antioxidant activity, and the size of the nanoparticles was investigated. Different shapes and sizes of the nanoparticles in ethanol (spherical), aqueous (polygonal), and DMSO (spherical) were observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). The antimicrobial activity of the nanoparticles was investigated against both gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. These results suggest that aqueous extract is appropriate for the synthesis of nanoparticles and optimized for further investigations for the development of infection-resistant materials.

Investigation of the herbal synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Cinnamon zeylanicum extract

A methodology to enhance biological delivery of photosensitizers by incorporating them into nanomaterials has been developed. In order to prepare photosensitizer nanoconjugates as biocompatible and selective probes, initially, bioconjugatable porphyrinic photosensitizers were prepared through rational routes. The porphyrins with carboxyl groups (as conjugatable handles) were successfully attached on the surface of the bioinspired nanoparticles (through a stable ester bond formation) affording hydrophilic and biocompatible nanophotosensitizers. The loading efficiency of the photosensitizer into nanomaterials was found to be 12–16%. Given their biocompatibility and efficient loading on nanoparticles, the photosensitizers prepared in this study could find use in photodynamic therapy and dual photodynamic–photothermal therapy.

Bioinspired nanophotosensitizers: synthesis and characterization of porphyrin–noble metal nanoparticle conjugates

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Bioinspired nanophotosensitizers: synthesis and characterization of porphyrin–noble metal nanoparticle conjugates