Around 20% of the electrical power generated on the planet is consumed inefficiently in lighting application. With the running out of the fossil fuels; lighting utilization will seriously contribute to the worldwide energy problem in the approaching future. Hence measures are to be taken right from this instant in order to conquer the power shortage problem by efficiently utilizing the available power. White organic light-emitting diodes (WOLEDs) and displays represent the next generation energy-saving light source to alleviate the energy crisis. Within the last decade OLEDs have become an internationally highly recognized unique area light source, which has immense potential for the recent display applications and paves a novel path to create white light. This paper reflects the recent advances in the OLED materials and the critical tactics employed in designing the anatomy of OLED devices for energy-saving solid-state lighting (SSL) towards lighting revolution. Novel transparency electrodes for flexible OLEDs, the stability of OLEDs, topical progress regarding various materials used for different layers to fabricate eco friendly and energy efficient OLEDs by innovative fabrication techniques and the necessity of encapsulation are also discussed. In addition, the ongoing challenges and future perspectives of this research frontier with certain measures that can be employed to reduce the driving voltage, minimize the degradation issues and augmentation of their life time are illustrated. Once we accomplish the said challenges, OLEDs can be considered as next generation flat panel displays and solid state lighting sources, which would proffer a world of expanding opportunities in the field of lighting.

Novel materials for fabrication and encapsulation of OLEDs

Origin of near to middle infrared luminescence and energy transfer process of Er 3+ /Yb 3+ co-doped fluorotellurite glasses under different excitations

/pdf/origin-of-near-to-middle-infrared-luminescence-and-energy-3y5ooz6ulk.pdf

Organic-inorganic lead halide based perovskite solar cells have received broad interest due to their merits of low fabrication cost, a low temperature solution process, and high energy conversion efficiencies. Rare-earth (RE) ion doped nanomaterials can be used in perovskite solar cells to expand the range of absorption spectra and improve the stability due to its upconversion and downconversion effect. This article reviews recent progress in using RE-ion-doped nanomaterials in mesoporous electrodes, perovskite active layers, and as an external function layer of perovskite solar cells. Finally, we discuss the challenges facing the effective use of RE-ion-doped nanomaterials in perovskite solar cells and present some prospects for future research.

Recent Advances of Rare-Earth Ion Doped Luminescent Nanomaterials in Perovskite Solar Cells.

Analysis of energy transfer process based emission spectra of erbium doped germanate glasses for mid-infrared laser materials

In this paper, we present the luminescent properties of Tm3+/Ho3+ co-doped new glass. A series of silicate-germanate glass was prepared by the conventional melt-quenching method. In the Tm3+/Ho3+ co-doped silicate-germanate glass, a strong emission of 2 μm originating from the Ho3+:I75→I85 transition can be observed under conventional 808 nm pumping. The characteristic temperatures, structure, and absorption spectra have been measured. The radiative properties of Ho3+ in the prepared glass were calculated. The emission cross section of Ho3+ ions transition can reach 4.78×10−21  cm2 around 2 μm, and the FWHM is as high as 153 nm. The energy transfer efficiency between Ho3+ and Tm3+ has a large value (52%), which indicates the Tm3+/Ho3+ co-doped silicate-germanate glass is a suitable candidate for the 2 μm laser. Moreover, the energy transfer mechanism between Tm3+ and Ho3+ ions was investigated.

Thermal and luminescent properties of 2 μm emission in thulium-sensitized holmium-doped silicate-germanate glass

Mid-infrared (MIR) emissions of 2.4 and 3.5 m from Tm3+:LiYF4 single crystals attributed to 3H4->3H5 and 3H5->3F4 transitions as well as MIR emissions of 4.2, 4.3, and 4.5 \mu m from Nd3+: LiYF4 lasers attributed to 4I15/2->4I13/2,4I13/2->4I11/2, and 4I11/2->4I9/2 transitions, respectively, are observed. LiYF4 single crystals possess high transmittance of over 85% in the 2.5-6 \mu m range. The large emission crosssections of Tm-doped crystals at 2.4 \mu m (1.9\times 10-20 cm2) and Nd-doped crystals at 4.2 \mu m (0.84\times 10-20cm2) as well as the high rare-earth doping concentrations, excellent optical transmission, and chemicalphysical properties of the resultant samples indicate that Nd3+ and Tm3+ singly doped crystals may be promising materials for application in MIR lasers.

Tm3+ and Nd3+ singly doped LiYF4 single crystals with 3-5 \mu m mid-infrared luminescence

The invention discloses a Tm /Dy doped LiYF4 monocrystal for white light LED (Light Emitting Diode) and a preparation method thereof. The LiYF4 crystal contains two rare earth ions, namely, Tm and Dy , the molecular formula of a product is LiY(1-alpha-beta)Tm alpha Dy beta F4, wherein alpha is not smaller than 0.0020 but not larger than 0.0300, and beta is not smaller than 0.0076 and not larger than 0.01140. Blue green light and yellow light emitted by Dy are mixed with blue light emitted by Tm to emit white light. When the atom concentration proportion of Tm /Dy in the crystal reaches to 3.7-3.9, the chromaticity coordinates of white light are optimal under the excitation of 350nm light, and the chromaticity coordinates x and y are basically close to the ideal 0.33. The doping concentration of rare earth in the lithium yttrium fluoride monocrystal is large, and the lithium yttrium fluoride monocrystal has excellent thermal, mechanical and chemical stability. The light emitting efficiency of the Eu and Dy rare earth ions doped in the monocrystal is high; and oxygen-free and water-free sealed Bridgman-Stockbarger method is adopted in the preparation method, and a high temperature fluorination treatment is performed on the raw material to obtain a fluoride crystal with high quality.

Tm /Dy doped LiYF4 monocrystal for white light LED (Light Emitting Diode) and preparation method thereof

Concentration effect of Nd3+ ion on the spectroscopic properties of Er3+/Nd3+ co-doped LiYF4 single crystal

High quality Er3+/Tm3+:LiYF4 single crystals were grown by a Bridgman method. The absorption spectra and luminescent properties of the crystals were studied to characterize the effect of Tm3+ on the spectroscopic properties upon excitation of an 800 nm laser diode. The broaden 1.5 μm and the enhanced 2.7 μm emission were observed in the Er3+/Tm3+ co-doped LiYF4 single crystals. Meanwhile, the up-conversion and 1.5 μm emission intensities from Er3+ decrease with increasing the ratio of Tm3+ to Er3+. The energy transfer processes between Tm3+ and Er3+ in the Er3+/Tm3+ co-doped samples were analyzed. The energy transfer efficiency ηETE from Er3+ to Tm3+ is calculated. The highest ηETE of 65.30% for the sample with 0.296 mol% of Er3+, 0.496 mol% of Tm3+ concentration was obtained. The present work indicates that Er3+/Tm3+ co-doped LiYF4 single crystal can be a promising material for the potential application in infrared devices.

Growth and spectral properties of Er3+/Tm3+ co‐doped LiYF4 single crystal

Laser crystals of LiYF4 (LYF) singly doped with Er3+ in 2.0% and co-doped with Er3+/Yb3+ in about 2.0%/1.0% molar fraction in the raw composition are grown by a vertical Bridgman method. X-ray diffraction (XRD), absorption spectra, fluorescence spectra and decay curves are measured to investigate the structural and luminescent properties of the crystals. Compared with the Er3+ singly doped sample, obviously enhanced emission at 1.5 μm wavelength and green and red up-conversion emissions from Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped crystal are observed under the excitation of 980 nm laser diode. Meanwhile, the emission at 2.7 μm wavelength from Er3+ singly doped crystal is reduced. The fluorescence decay time ranging from 18.60 ms for Er3+ singly doped crystal to 23.01 ms for Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped crystal depends on the ionic concentration. The luminescent mechanisms for the Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped crystals are analyzed, and the possible energy transfer processes from Yb3+ to Er3+ are proposed.

Spectral properties and energy transfer in Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped LiYF4 crystal

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