In wheat, 2852 major QTLs of 8998 QTLs available for yield and related traits were used for meta-analysis; 141 meta-QTLs were identified, which included 13 breeder's MQTLs and 24 ortho-MQTLs; 1202 candidate genes and 50 homologues of genes for yield from other cereals were also identified. Meta-QTL analysis was conducted using 2852 of the 8998 known QTLs, retrieved from 230 reports published during 1999-2020 (including 19 studies on tetraploid wheat) for grain yield (GY) and the following ten component traits: (i) grain weight (GWei), (ii) grain morphology-related traits (GMRTs), (iii) grain number (GN), (iv) spikes-related traits (SRTs), (v) plant height (PH), (vi) tiller number (TN), (vii) harvest index (HI), (viii) biomass yield (BY), (ix) days to heading/flowering and maturity (DTH/F/M), and (x) grain filling duration (GFD). The study resulted in the identification of 141 meta-QTLs (MQTLs), with an average confidence interval (CI) of 1.4 cM as against a CI of > 12.1 cM (8.8 fold reduction) in the QTLs that were used. The corresponding physical length of CI ranged from 0.01 Mb to 661.9 Mb (mean, 31.5 Mb). Seventy-seven (77) of these 141 MQTLs overlapped marker-trait associations (MTAs) reported in genome-wide association studies. Also, 63 MQTLs (each based on at least 10 QTLs) were considered stable and robust, with 13 MQTLs described as breeder's MQTLs (selected based on small CI, large LOD, and high level of phenotypic variation explained). Thirty-five yield-related genes from rice, barley, and maize were also utilized to identify 50 wheat homologues in MQTLs. Further, the use of synteny and collinearity allowed the identification of 24 ortho-MQTLs which were common among the wheat, barley, rice, and maize. The results of the present study should prove useful for wheat breeding and future basic research in cereals including wheat, barley, rice, and maize. 

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-430452/v2.pdf?c=1641405117000

Meta-QTLs, ortho-meta-QTLs and candidate genes for grain yield and associated traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

In plants, salicylic acid (SA) is a hormone that mediates a plant’s defense against pathogens. SA also takes an active role in a plant’s response to various abiotic stresses, including chilling, drought, salinity, and heavy metals. In addition, in recent years, numerous studies have confirmed the important role of SA in plant morphogenesis. In this review, we summarize data on changes in root morphology following SA treatments under both normal and stress conditions. Finally, we provide evidence for the role of SA in maintaining the balance between stress responses and morphogenesis in plant development, and also for the presence of SA crosstalk with other plant hormones during this process.

/pdf/salicylic-acid-in-root-growth-and-development-2i7c1732.pdf

Salicylic Acid in Root Growth and Development

Salicylic acid interacts with other plant growth regulators and signal molecules in response to stressful environments in plants.

H2 gas, usually in the form of H2-saturated water, could play a useful role in improving many aspects of plant growth and productivity, including resistance to stress tolerance and improved post-harvest durability. Therefore, molecular hydrogen delivery systems should be considered as a valuable addition within agricultural practice. Agriculture and food security are both impacted by plant stresses, whether that is directly from human impact or through climate change. A continuously increasing human population and rising food consumption means that there is need to search for agriculturally useful and environment friendly strategies to ensure future food security. Molecular hydrogen (H2) research has gained momentum in plant and agricultural science owing to its multifaceted and diverse roles in plants. H2 application can mitigate against a range of stresses, including salinity, heavy metals and drought. Therefore, knowing how endogenous, or exogenously applied, H2 enhances the growth and tolerance against numerous plant stresses will enhance our understanding of how H2 may be useful for future to agriculture and horticulture. In this review, recent progress and future implication of H2 in agriculture is highlighted, focusing on how H2 impacts on plant cell function and how it can be applied for better plant performance. Although the exact molecular action of H2 in plants remains elusive, this safe and easy to apply treatment should have a future in agricultural practice.

Molecular hydrogen in agriculture

Meta-QTL analysis for thermotolerance in wheat was conducted to identify robust meta-QTLs (MQTLs). In this study, 441 QTLs related to 31 heat-responsive traits were projected on the consensus map with 50,310 markers. This exercise resulted in the identification of 85 MQTLs with confidence interval (CI) ranging from 0.11 to 34.9 cM with an average of 5.6 cM. This amounted to a 2.96-fold reduction relative to the mean CI (16.5 cM) of the QTLs used. Seventy-seven (77) of these MQTLs were also compared and verified with the results of recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The 85 MQTLs included seven MQTLs that are particularly useful for breeding purposes (we called them breeders’ MQTLs). Seven ortho-MQTLs between wheat and rice genomes were also identified using synteny and collinearity. The MQTLs were used for the identification of 1,704 candidate genes (CGs). In silico expression analysis of these CGs permitted identification of 182 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which included 36 high confidence CGs with known functions previously reported to be important for thermotolerance. These high confidence CGs encoded proteins belonging to the following families: protein kinase, WD40 repeat, glycosyltransferase, ribosomal protein, SNARE associated Golgi protein, GDSL lipase/esterase, SANT/Myb domain, K homology domain, etc. Thus, the present study resulted in the identification of MQTLs (including breeders’ MQTLs), ortho-MQTLs, and underlying CGs, which could prove useful not only for molecular breeding for the development of thermotolerant wheat cultivars but also for future studies focused on understanding the molecular basis of thermotolerance.

/pdf/meta-qtls-ortho-mqtls-and-candidate-genes-for-cdbucw6khg.pdf

Meta-QTLs, ortho-MQTLs, and candidate genes for thermotolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Maize has a set of dark response genes, expression of which is influenced by multiple factor and varies with maize inbred lines but without germplasm specificity. The response to photoperiod is a common biological issue across the species kingdoms. Dark is as important as light in photoperiod. However, further in-depth understanding of responses of maize (Zea mays) to light and dark transition under photoperiod is hindered due to the lack of understanding of dark response genes. With multiple public “-omic” datasets of temperate and tropical/subtropical maize, 16 maize dark response genes, ZmDRGs, were found and had rhythmic expression under dark and light–dark cycle. ZmDRGs 6–8 were tandemly duplicated. ZmDRGs 2, 13, and 14 had a chromosomal collinearity with other maize genes. ZmDRGs 1–11 and 13–16 had copy-number variations. ZmDRGs 2, 9, and 16 showed 5′-end sequence deletion mutations. Some ZmDRGs had chromatin interactions and underwent DNA methylation and/or m6A mRNA methylation. Chromosomal histones associated with 15 ZmDRGs were methylated and acetylated. ZmDRGs 1, 2, 4, 9, and 13 involved photoperiodic phenotypes. ZmDRG16 was within flowering-related QTLs. ZmDRGs 1, 3, and 6–11 were present in cis-acting expression QTLs (eQTLs). ZmDRGs 1, 4, 6–9, 11, 12, and 14–16 showed co-expression with other maize genes. Some of ZmDRG-encoded ZmDRGs showed obvious differences in abundance and phosphorylation. Conclusion: Sixteen ZmDRGs 1–16 are associated with the dark response of maize. In the process of post-domestication and/or breeding, the ZmDRGs undergo the changes without germplasm specificity, including epigenetic modifications, gene copy numbers, chromatin interactions, and deletion mutations. In addition to effects by these factors, ZmDRG expression is influenced by promoter elements, cis-acting eQTLs, and co-expression networks.

Dark response genes: a group of endogenous pendulum/timing players in maize?

Flowering in maize (Zea mays) is influenced by photoperiod. The CO, CO-like/COL and TOC1 (CCT) domain protein-encoding genes in maize, ZmCCTs, are particularly important for photoperiod sensitivity. However, little is known about CCT protein-encoding gene number across plant species or among maize inbred lines. Therefore, we analysed CCT protein-encoding gene number across plant species, and characterized ZmCCTs in different inbred lines, including structural variations (SVs), copy number variations (CNVs), expression under stresses, dark-dark (DD) and dark-light (DL) cycles, interaction network and associations with maize quantitative trait loci (QTLs) by referring to the latest v4 genome data of B73. Gene number varied greatly across plant species, more in polyploids than in diploids. The numbers of ZmCCTs identified were 58 in B73, 59 in W22, 48 in Mo17, and 57 in Huangzao4 for temperate maize inbred lines, and 68 in tropical maize inbred line SK. Some ZmCCTs underwent duplications and presented chromosome collinearity. Structural variations and CNVs were found but they had no germplasm specificity. Forty-two ZmCCTs responded to stresses. Expression of 37 ZmCCTs in embryonic leaves during seed germination of maize under DD and DL cycles was roughly divided into five patterns of uphill pattern, downhill-pattern, zigzag-pattern, └-pattern and ⅃-pattern, indicating some of them have a potential to perceive dark and/or dark-light transition. Thirty-three ZmCCTs were co-expressed with 218 other maize genes; and 24 ZmCCTs were associated with known QTLs. The data presented in this study will help inform further functions of ZmCCTs.

Analyses of open-access multi-omics data sets reveal genetic and expression characteristics of maize ZmCCT family genes.

The invention discloses a zea mays dark response albino/glassy yellow 12 gene with a cDNA sequence as shown in SEQ ID NO.1, and an application of the zea mays dark response albino/glassy yellow 12 tothe promotion of arabidopsis flowering. The invention provides the zea mays dark response albino/glassy yellow 12 gene, protein amino acid encoded by the gene and the application of the gene to the promotion of arabidopsis flowering. Firstly, the zea mays dark response albino/glassy yellow 12 protein gene is utilized; secondly, the zea mays albino/glassy yellow 12 gene is heterologously expressedto promote plant flowering; and thirdly, the albino/glassy yellow 12 protein gene is different from reported flowering-related genes and is a novel gene for promoting plant flowering.

Zea mays dark response albino/glassy yellow 12 gene and application thereof

The invention provides a corn-derived darkness response GD2 gene, a protein encoded by the same and application of the gene. The sequence of the darkness response GD2 gene is shown as SEQ ID NO. 1. The gene is transferred into other plants to obtain a transgenic plant, and the growth and flowering of the plant can be promoted. The darkness response GD2 gene provided by the invention is a new genefor promoting the flowering of the plant, can be used for plant molecular breeding, and can solve the problems of low efficiency and long period of traditional breeding.

Corn-derived darkness response GD2 gene and application thereof

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Dark response genes: a group of endogenous pendulum/timing players in maize?

Analyses of open-access multi-omics data sets reveal genetic and expression characteristics of maize ZmCCT family genes.

Zea mays dark response albino/glassy yellow 12 gene and application thereof

Corn-derived darkness response GD2 gene and application thereof