The variations of phytoplankton functional groups and their correlation with environmental factors, as well as the applicability of phytoplankton functional groups to serve as biological water quality indicator in the Pearl River, South China, were studied in the present study. A total of 96 samples were collected and divided into 21 functional groups from September 2016 to July 2017. The phytoplankton functional groups P and G were dominant during the investigation, and their biomass contributing was ranged 0.06 to 89.07%, the average 30.73%, and ranged 1.47 to 62.40%, the average 9.33% of the total biomass, respectively. The results showed environmental estrogens—BPA (bisphenol A), E2 (17β-estradiol), E1 (estrone), 4-t-OP (4-tert-octylphenol), 4-NP (nonylphenol), TCS (triclosan), and TCC (triclocarban)—in the Pearl River were significantly different, and with average values of 269.30 ng L−1, 2.76 ng L−1, 4.24 ng L−1, 53.68 ng L−1, 952.72 ng L−1, 16.79 ng L−1, and 8.61 ng L−1, respectively. This was likely responsible for the differences in the phytoplankton functional groups. We observed positive correlations between P and A, and G and J. Functional groups P biomass decreased significantly with functional groups LM increased, and functional groups M and J with X2. We found positive correlations between functional group G and concentrations of E1 and TCC; functional group A and total nitrogen (TN), 4-NP, 4-t-OP, and E2; functional groups LM and L1 and total suspended particles, BPA, and TCS; and functional group G and negative total phosphorus (TP), pH, and TCS. The study showed that TN, TP, and the environmental estrogens in the aquatic ecosystems were correlation with phytoplankton functional groups type, and affected the ecological balance in aquatic environments.

Responses of phytoplankton functional groups to environmental factors in the Pearl River, South China

Functional classification of phytoplankton could be a valuable tool in water quality monitoring in the eutrophic riverine ecosystems. This study is novel from the Bangladeshi perspective. In this study, phytoplankton cell density and diversity were studied with particular reference to the functional groups (FGs) approach during pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon at four sampling stations in Karatoya River, Bangladesh. A total of 54 phytoplankton species were recorded under four classes, viz. Chlorophyceae (21 species) Cyanophyceae (16 species), Bacillariophyceae (15 species), and Euglenophyceae (2 species). A significantly higher total cell density of phytoplankton was detected during the pre-monsoon season (24.20 × 103 cells/l), while the lowest in monsoon (9.43 × 103 cells/l). The Shannon–Wiener diversity index varied significantly (F = 16.109, P = 000), with the highest value recorded during the post-monsoon season. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) identified significant variations among the three seasons (P < 0.0001, R = 0.9518). The similarity percentage (SIMPER) analysis pinpointed Ulothrix spp. (Melosira granulate and Cymbella spp.) as the most contributory species are causing such a noticeable difference. Fifty-four phytoplankton species recorded during the study period were classified into 20 functional groups, whereas D/J/M/MP/X1 was considered the most abundant FG in the Karatoya River. FGs of the Karatoya River were influenced mainly by the nutrients (PO4-P and NO3-N) enrichments. As a novel investigation on FGs of phytoplankton in Bangladesh, this study recommends additional surveys in other rivers and floodplains to improve our understanding of phytoplankton diversity and functional groups.

Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton community and functional groups in a tropical river.

Global warming has been considered to accelerate the expansion of cyanobacterial blooms, which are frequently composed of the bloom-forming genera, Microcystis and Pseudanabaena, in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Nonetheless, the impact of changes due to toxin production or lack thereof on the growth of co-existing strains, both arising from increasing temperature, has remained unknown to date. We conducted competition experiments involving toxic Microcystis PCC7806, a non-toxic mcyB− mutant, and two strains of Pseudanabaena (TH-1 and DC-1) identified as P. mucicola. In mono-culture, the specific growth ratio of Pseudanabaena increased; nevertheless, the maximum cell density declined with increasing temperature. The maximum growth ratios of Pseudanabaena TH-1 and Pseudanabaena DC-1 were 0.512 day−1 in the 30 °C group and 0.440 day−1 in the 35 °C group, respectively. The optimum temperature for the growth of Pseudanabaena was 25 °C. Remarkably, there was no significant disparity in the maximum cell density of Microcystis PCC7806 and the mcyB− mutant across varied temperature groups, even though their maximum growth rates differed marginally, reaching 0.280 day−1 and 0.306 day−1 in the 30 °C group, respectively. In co-cultures, the growth of Pseudanabaena TH-1 was uniformly inhibited, whereas that of DC-1 was somewhat influenced by co-culturing with toxic and non-toxic Microcystis, except for the 35 °C group, where inhibition was absent amongst DC-1 and Microcystis. Moreover, the growth of Microcystis was promoted with a co-culture of TH-1 in the 20 °C groups. Conversely, the co-culture of Microcystis with Pseudanabaena DC-1 led to the inhibition of the former in the 30 °C and 35 °C groups. With a Lotka–Volterra competition model, the results showed that Microcystis dominated or co-existed with Pseudanabaena, conforming to expectations from the wild.

/pdf/temperature-dependent-growth-characteristics-and-competition-1dy5oopb.pdf

Temperature-Dependent Growth Characteristics and Competition of Pseudanabaena and Microcystis

Mega reservoirs, such as the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) on the Yangtze River (YR), have garnered significant attention due to their environmental impacts. However, the ecological ramifications of upstream Cascade Reservoirs remain understudied, despite their potential influence on the YR ecosystem. This study delves into the phytoplankton community and environmental factors of the Xiangjiaba Reservoir (XJB), a significant reservoir on the YR mainstream. Field surveys and laboratory analysis were conducted to identify factors driving algae distribution and temporal shifts. The phytoplankton exhibited dominance changes among different phyla. Bacillariophyta and Chlorophyta dominated throughout the year, while Cryptophyta prevailed in spring and Xanthophyta peaked in autumn, indicating a unique feature of the area. The water quality in XJB was moderate. The average chlorophyll-a exhibited significant spatial-temporal variations, peaking at 26 ug/L at the mainstream-tributary confluence. Since the reservoir's construction in 2006, an overall tenfold increase in algae density and a shift from a Bacillariophyta-dominated system to a more diverse multi-phylum-dominance have been observed. Hydrodynamic conditions played a pivotal role, with water stratification favoring flagellated algae like Chlorophyta and Cryptophyta. Differences in phytoplankton composition between XJB and the TGR were linked to the TGR's pronounced vertical mixing. The study underscores the swift hydrodynamic adaptations post-construction, juxtaposed with the slower biological (phytoplankton) responses, emphasizing the need for sustained monitoring to ensure the reservoir's ecological balance. This research offers insights into the ecological impacts of reservoir construction, highlighting the role of hydrodynamics in reservoir ecosystems and aiding in understanding reservoir functioning, water quality management, and biodiversity conservation. 

From River to Reservoir: Exploring Phytoplankton Dynamics and its Environmental Correlates in the Xiangjiaba Channel-Type Reservoir

The temporal phytoplankton biomass variation at two Neotropical reservoirs during an extreme drought season were analyzed. Here we sought to evaluate the main abiotic factors involved in dynamics of phytoplankton during this drought period. The main difference between the reservoirs was the intensive fish and shrimp farming in one of the reservoirs. For quantitative analysis, sampling with bottles were carried out at an average depth of 0.5m. Water temperature, pH and electrical conductivity parameters were measured in situ and water samples were collected for dissolved inorganic nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus analyses. Aquaculture was probably one among the causes for the reservoirs were so different in the physical and chemical variables, as shown by the principal components analysis. The results showed specific groups dominance in both reservoirs. In the Cachoeira II reservoir, an invasive dinoflagellate, Ceratium furcoides, was present in all analyzed months, while, in the Saco I reservoir, cyanobacteria group represented more than 50% of phytoplankton biomass, mainly Microcystis aeruginosa and Dolichospermum sp. In two reservoirs precipitation, soluble reactive phosphorus and electrical conductivity were positively related with phytoplankton. Phytoplankton biomass was considerably larger in the Cachoeira II reservoir, due to the greater size and biovolume of the dominant dinoflagellate. These findings suggest that species dominance in extreme drought events may be favored. 


/pdf/phytoplankton-responses-to-an-extreme-drought-season-a-case-4yxxowa46p.pdf

Phytoplankton responses to an extreme drought season: A case study at two reservoirs from a semiarid region, Northeastern Brazil: Phytoplankton during extreme drought season

The functional groups approach is an efficient way to analyze seasonal changes in phytoplankton biomass as it is based on the physiological, morphological, and ecological attributes of the species. In this study, we identified the functional groups and driving factors behind short-term succession in phytoplankton communities. We analyzed physical, chemical, and biological factors of the Maixi River in Baihua Reservoir (BHR) from August to September, 2013 (summer, phase I) and March to May, 2014 (late spring and early summer, phase II). The 226 samples collected were divided into 23 functional groups. In phase I, phytoplankton biomass ranged from 4.88 to 30.59 mg·L -1 , and the group S1 ( Pseudanabaena limnetica ) had the greatest biomass. In phase II, phytoplankton biomass ranged from 2.22 to 50.61 mg·L -1 , and groups Y ( Cryptomonas sp.) and S1 ( P. limnetica ) had the greatest biomass. Dominant functional groups in the Maixi River changed from S1 + D + Y + Lo in phase I to Y + S1 in summer. Changes in the phytoplankton community varied between 0 and 0.144 day -1 in phase I and between 0.008 and 0.389 day -1 in later spring and early summer. This showed a steady-state phytoplankton community during the two phases, in which the functional groups S1 ( P. limnetica ) and Y ( Cryptomonas sp.) were dominant. Pseudanabaena limnetica , Synedra sp., Peridinium sp., and Cryptomonas sp. were dominant during summer, contributing to 70% of the total biomass in the steady-state community, and P. limnetica , Synedra sp., Cryptomonas sp., and Chlamydomonas sp. were dominant during later spring and early summer, contributing to 60% of the total biomass in the community. Groups S1, D, and Y formed easily in the Maixi River, but P. limnetica was the dominant species in the eutrophic conditions of the Maixi River. According to biotic and abiotic factors, we concluded that the Maixi River is hypertrophic, and water resource management should take blooms of P. limnetica occurring in May into account. Temperature and dissolved oxygen were the critical factors affecting the steady-state of the phytoplankton community in late spring and early summer and summer, respectively. Because the Maixi River is an important source in the BHR, its phytoplankton functional groups directly affect the ecological balance of the water environment.

/pdf/responses-of-phytoplankton-functional-groups-to-1xqmqv5kjo.pdf

Responses of phytoplankton functional groups to environmental factors in the Maixi River, southwest China

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Responses of phytoplankton functional groups to environmental factors in the Maixi River, southwest China