Shape-stable composite phase change materials encapsulated by bio-based balsa wood for thermal energy storage

Carbon-based electrodes play important roles in constructing efficient capacitive deionization (CDI) devices. Therefore, the rational design of carbon materials with optimized structure, composition, and morphology is crucial for further improving the CDI performance. Herein, a novel N, P co-doped eave-like hierarchical porous carbon (NP-EHPC) for CDI is reported. To prepare the NP-EHPC, the core–shell ZIF-8@AF particles are first prepared through the kinetically-controlled growth of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) and polymerization of p-aminophenol and formaldehyde (AF), followed by subsequent pyrolysis and post-doping with phosphorus. Owing to the unique eave-like morphology, presence of abundant mesopores, and co-doping of P and N, the NP-EHPC exhibits a high desalination capacity of 24.14 mg g−1 in 500 mg L−1 NaCl solution at 1.2 V and long cycling stability of over 150 cycles. Moreover, the density functional theory (DFT) calculation results reveal that the co-doping of N and P atoms can greatly enhance the binding energies for Na and Cl atoms and lead to superior electrosorption capacity. This work provides a new insight into the design of high-performance carbon materials for the desalination of brackish water.

Nitrogen, phosphorus co-doped eave-like hierarchical porous carbon for efficient capacitive deionization

The proliferation of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices demands more advanced power/energy storage technologies. Flexible quasi-solid-state supercapacitors (FSSCs) have been attracting rapid and considerable attention as they exhibit unique and promising advantages, such as a long cycle life, light weight, high power density, and environment friendliness. Hydrogels, commonly synthesized by chemical and/or physical cross-linking of monomers and/or polymers, have already become an emerging platform for the rapid development of FSSCs. Lignocellulose materials are green/sustainable, abundant, and low-cost; due to the synergy of lignocellulose and hydrogels, the development of lignocellulose-based hydrogels/aerogels with distinguished physicochemical properties (e.g., high flexibility, good mechanical strength, and rapid charge transport) offers emerging opportunities for FSSCs. This review highlights the fundamental understanding and recent developments of lignocellulose and supercapacitors, with focus on the latest concepts/technologies in developing hydro- and aerogels based on lignocellulose as major components in FSSCs, structural design, and improvement of the performance of lignocellulose-based electrodes and electrolytes. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities during the development of lignocellulose-based hydrogels/aerogels in FSSCs are discussed.

Lignocellulose-derived hydrogel/aerogel-based flexible quasi-solid-state supercapacitors with high-performance: a review

Pore engineering: structure-capacitance correlations for biomass-derived porous carbon materials

Inspired by the tubular structures found in naturally occurring thermal-insulating materials, tubular cellulose aerogels with improved mechanical resistant, thermal-insulating and flame-retardant properties were prepared from kapok fibers via a facile process. In contrast to fragileness of traditional organic-inorganic composites, an optimized sample exhibited an ultra-high compressive strength of 32 MPa. The tubular structure of this material resulted in a 37.4 °C increase in heat preservation compared with that obtained from a pulp aerogel without this morphology. The H3PO4 decomposed from (NH4)2HPO4 in the formulation crosslinked the outermost cellulose fibers to generate a clay-reinforced dense carbon layer in conjunction with montmorillonite, which restricted the movement of flames and the outflow of volatile compounds. The gaseous voids of internal tubular fibers interrupted the heat transport pathways to inhibit thermal transmission and trapped combustible volatiles to reduce the penetration pressure experienced by the dense carbon layer greatly. The combined effects of the carbon layer and tubular structure effectively limited the transfer of heat, oxygen and volatiles, leading to non-combustion of the optimal sample. This study provided a cost-effective and facile approach to prepare of thermal-insulating, fire-safe and high-strength aerogel showing promising applications in exterior wall insulation and vehicle interior.

Thermal-insulating, flame-retardant and mechanically resistant aerogel based on bio-inspired tubular cellulose

Natural materials often inspire various strategies in materials science, and these concepts have been extensively applied to enhance the compressibility of carbon aerogels (CAs). Herein, a novel co...

Wood-Inspired Compressible, Mesoporous, and MultifunctionalCarbon Aerogel by a Dual-Activation Strategy from Cellulose

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Wood-Inspired Compressible, Mesoporous, and MultifunctionalCarbon Aerogel by a Dual-Activation Strategy from Cellulose