The Jiangnan tungsten belt (JNB), a newly identified in the past decade, has a total resource of more than 6 Mt WO3 and still has a good potential for further prospecting. The JNB, located along the Jiangnan Massif (JM) and its eastern extensional areas, is adjacent to and parallel with the Middle-Lower Yangtze River porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo-Au-Fe belt (MLYRB) at north. Both JNB and MLYRB have the same mineralization periods, i.e., 150–135 and 130–125 Ma. The tungsten mineralization in JNB developed at the proximal contact of granite plutons, whereas the Pb-Zn±Cu veins occurs at the distal areas, exhibiting an obvious zoning in space. Apart from the Dongping quartz vein wolframite deposit, the other W deposits in the JNB belong to porphyry and skarn types. The Zhuxi scheelite skarn deposit with 3.44 Mt of WO3 is the largest one over the world. Meanwhile, the exploration of the Dahutang super-large, and Dongyuan and Yangchuling large porphyry W deposits has proven the porphyry is a new major W type except for both skarn and quartz vein types which were recognized before. Moreover, it is interesting to find unusual scheelite-bearing anorthosite and albitite dikes, which cut through the skarn ores in the Zhuxi deposit area. The scheelite-bearing albitite is proposed to crystallize from Al-, Si-, P-, W-, and F-rich residual magma whereas the scheelite-bearing anorthosite formed when the residual magma was contaminated by pure limestone in a reducing environment. The granitoids associated with W deposits and W-Mo deposits in the JNB are biotite monzonite and granodiorite, respectively. According to the petrology, geochemistry and major accessory minerals, the ore-related granitoids can be recognized as S type (or ilmenite series) with peraluminous nature and I type (or magnetite series) with metaluminous nature. Geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopic data indicate the W deposits-related granitoids were derived from the remelting of the Neoproterozoic phyllite and slate and the W-Mo deposits-related granitoids were also derived from the same strata but with input of mantle materials. According to the sources of granitoids and the skarn mineral assemblages as well as mineral chemistry it can be recognized as reduced W and the oxidized W-Mo deposits. Usually the reduced W deposit appears as large and super-large scale, such as the Zhuxi and Dahutang whereas the oxidized W-Mo as relatively smaller. A tectonic model is suggested to explain the two periods of mineralization in both JNB and MLYRB, which are corresponding to oblique subduction of Izanagi plate in 150–135 Ma at quite low angle and the extension tectonic regime of post-subduction at 130–125 Ma, respectively. The porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo-Au-Fe system in early period and apatite-magnetite system in late period along MLYRB are related to the granitoids derived from the slab subducted slab and the stagnant slab whereas tow periods of porphyry-skarn as well as quartz vein type W(Sn) deposits are associated with the granitoids which were remelted from the Neoproterozoic phyllite deduced from mantle underplated. Moreover, a deposit model is set up for the relationship among the porphyry-skarn W and W-Mo, and distal Pb-Zn-Ag±Cu veins, which can be referenced for the further prospecting in JNB and the regions with similar tectonic setting.

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The world-class Jiangnan tungsten belt: Geologicalcharacteristics, metallogeny, and ore deposit model

Tungsten and tin deposits in South China: temporal and spatial distribution, metallogenic models and prospecting directions

Characteristics of REEs and trace elements in scheelite from the Zhuxi W deposit, South China: Implications for the ore-forming conditions and processes

Dongguashan is one of the largest porphyry-skarn Cu-Au deposits in eastern China and titanite is found in the ore system. Five types of both magmatic and hydrothermal titanites are distinguished, based on their textural and chemical characteristics. Types 1 and 2 titanites are magmatic in origin whereas types 3, 4, and 5 are hydrothermal. Magmatic titanites are wedge-shaped and display concentric and sector zoning, whereas hydrothermal titanites show a wide range of textures that vary with different alteration stages. REE, Sn, Mo, and Cu are enriched in magmatic titanites (types 1 and 2). In contrast, vanadium and HFSE are enriched in hydrothermal titanites, especially in type 4 titanite from the propylitic alteration zone. Magmatic titanite (type 1) coexists with magnetite and K-feldspar and crystallized in oxidized and H2O-rich magma at 730–760 °C. Type 2 titanite contains ilmenite inclusions reflecting changes in the fO2 of the magma chamber, possibly caused by input of mafic magma. The mobility and enrichment of HFSE and association with fluorapatite reflect the F-rich composition of the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid at Dongguashan. The relationship between titanite textures and chemistry indicates that titanite can serve as a recorder of magmatic-hydrothermal processes in porphyry copper systems. U-Pb dating of type 4 titanite from the propylitic alteration zone and type 5 titanite from skarn yielded ages of 139.0 ± 2.6 Ma and 137.0 ± 2.0 Ma, respectively, indicating that it formed synchronously with the associated quartz monzodiorite.

Multiple generations of titanites and their geochemical characteristics record the magmatic-hydrothermal processes and timing of the Dongguashan porphyry-skarn Cu-Au system, Tongling district, Eastern China

The newly-discovered supergiant Huayangchuan uranium (U)-polymetallic (Sr, Se, REEs, Ba, Nb and Pb) deposit is located in the Qinling Orogen, central China. The deposit underwent multistage mineralization, with the main carbonatite ore stage being the most important for the U, Nb, REE, Sr and Ba endowments. According to the mineral assemblages, the main carbonatite ore stage can be divided into three substages, i.e., sulfate (Ba–Sr), alkali-rich U and REE-U mineralization. Main-stage titanite from the Huayangchuan igneous carbonatite are rich in high field strength elements (HFSEs, e.g., Zr, Nb and REEs), and show clear elemental substitutions (e.g., Ti vs. Nb ​+ ​Fe ​+ ​Al and Ca ​+ ​Ti vs. Fe ​+ ​Al ​+ ​REE). High-precision LA-ICP-MS titanite dating yielded a U–Pb age of 209.0 ​± ​2.9 ​Ma, which represents the main-stage mineralization age at Huayangchuan, and is coeval with the local carbonatite dyke intrusion. This mineralization age is further constrained by the Re–Os dating of molybdenite from the Huayangchuan carbonatite, which yielded a weighted mean age of 196.8 ​± ​2.4 ​Ma. Molybdenite Re contents (337.55–392.75 ​ppm) and C-O-Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic evidence of the Huayangchuan carbonatite both suggest a mantle origin for the carbonatite. Our study supports that the Late Triassic carbonatite magmatism was responsible for the world-class U-Mo-REE mineralization in the Qinling Orogen, and that the regional magmatism and ore formation was likely caused by the closure of the Mianlue ocean and the subsequent North China-South China continent-continent collision.

Timing of carbonatite-hosted U-polymetallic mineralization in the supergiant Huayangchuan deposit, Qinling Orogen: Constraints from titanite U–Pb and molybdenite Re–Os dating

The Zhuxi W (Cu) skarn deposit is the largest W deposit in the Jiangnan porphyry–skarn tungsten belt in South China, and is also among the largest deposit of this type in the world. Titanite is a common mineral in the Zhuxi deposit, and occurs in three textural settings: titanite I associated with retrograde-altered exoskarn with weak mineralization; titanite II in retrograde-altered endoskarn with disseminated Cu ore; and titanite III from altered granite with disseminated W ore. Here, we present LA-ICP-MS U–Pb data on the three types of titanite which show 207Pb-corrected weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages of 148.1 ± 7.4 Ma (n = 25, MSWD = 0.22), 148.9 ± 1.5 Ma (n = 28, MSWD = 0.37), and 149.9 ± 1.3 Ma (n = 31, MSWD = 0.28), respectively. These ages are consistent with the previously reported ages of the ore-related granite. The coeval nature of the W and Cu ores suggests that the W and Cu ores formed synchronously, and are associated with the granitoids. The Ce and Eu anomalies in the three types of titanite record redox fluctuation during the mineralization process, and suggest variable contamination of the magmatic-hydrothermal system by reduced carbonate wall-rock that contains abundant carbonaceous matter. Our study demonstrates that hydrothermal titanite commonly occurring in reduced-type W skarn deposits has potential for isotopic dating and in constraining the redox conditions for the mineralization process.

In situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology and trace element analysis of hydrothermal titanite from the giant Zhuxi W (Cu) skarn deposit, South China

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In situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology and trace element analysis of hydrothermal titanite from the giant Zhuxi W (Cu) skarn deposit, South China