Petrogenesis of the Guangtoushan granitoid suite, central China: Implications for Early Mesozoic geodynamic evolution of the Qinling Orogenic Belt

This paper investigates the seismic behaviour linked column frames (LCFs). This structural system, traditionally, consists of moment frames for the gravity loads and dual columns interconnected with bolted links for the horizontal actions. An optimized design approach is herein developed for the LCFs according to the Theory of Plastic Mechanism Control (TPMC) through a closed form solution assuring the maximum energy dissipation, i.e., the development of a collapse mechanism of global type. Several structural schemes are designed according to the proposed design approach considering different geometry, link length and structural height. The accuracy of the TPMC is evaluated through nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. In particular, the dynamic analyses are developed for a selection of designed fames to highlight the difference in terms of performances among the structures with short, long and intermediate links. 

Design procedure for failure mode control of linked column frames

Progressive failure and seismic fragility analysis for transmission towers considering buckling effect

Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) is an efficient and cost-effective method of metal 3D printing that is well suited to structural engineering applications. Fundamental test data on the mechanical properties of WAAM materials, especially under cyclic loading, are however lacking. To address this, an experimental study into the cyclic behaviour of WAAM steel plates has been undertaken and is reported herein. Following geometric and quasi-static mechanical characterisation, a total of 40 as-built and machined coupons were tested under different cyclic loading protocols. Key results from the tests, including the full hysteresis curves, are presented and discussed. A cyclic constitutive model allowing for a yield plateau and the degradation of elastic modulus is proposed and validated against the test data. It is shown that the examined WAAM steel exhibited cyclic hardening behaviour dependent on the strain amplitude and strain history. The elastic modulus of the WAAM material was found to decrease in the first few cycles and then remain stable with increasing accumulated plastic strain. Good energy dissipation performance was also observed, indicating the potential of WAAM steels for seismic applications. 

Experimental study and constitutive modelling of wire arc additively manufactured steel under cyclic loading

Buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) are effective and widely used devices to enhance the seismic performance of steel moment resisting frames (SMRF), but they might fail to prevent significant structural damage or structural collapse under unexpectedly high seismic loads. To address this issue, a novel hybrid BRB (HBRB) composed of a conventional BRB and a friction damper in series is proposed, where the activated force/displacement of the friction damper could be adjusted to protect the HBRB from failure. The paper begins by providing a detailed explanation of the configuration and working principle of the proposed HBRB. The cyclic behavior of the HBRB is thoroughly analyzed both theoretically and numerically. Building on this, a performance-based design approach is developed, focusing on enhancing the seismic response of SMRF using the HBRB. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed HBRB and design method, two typical SMRFs, one with 9 stories and the other with 20 stories, are enhanced with the HBRB. Comprehensive numerical models are established, considering the bare SMRFs, HBRB-enhanced SMRFs, and conventionally BRB-enhanced SMRFs. Nonlinear static and dynamic analyses are conducted to evaluate the seismic performance of these steel frames. Special attention is given to the performance comparison between HBRB-enhanced SMRFs and conventionally BRB-enhanced SMRFs, specifically under the extremely rare earthquake (ERE) scenario. The results highlight that the HBRB can achieve comparable energy dissipation capacity to conventional BRB while displaying superior energy dissipation efficiency. Moreover, the proposed design method achieves the predefined seismic performance objectives for the enhanced SMRFs in a straightforward and time-efficient manner. Furthermore, the HBRB proves effective in eliminating the failure risk associated with conventional BRB under ERE conditions, effectively mitigating structural damage and preventing collapse. 

A hybrid buckling-restrained brace for enhancing the seismic performance of steel moment resisting frames

Shale gas accumulation patterns in China

Study seismic performance of duplex stainless steel under large strain amplitude by cyclic loading test

Cyclic elastoplastic constitutive model for stainless steels compatible with multiple strengths

Hysteretic performance of self-centering buckling-restrained braces with embedded friction spring

Miaoziping Bridge, a long-span rigid-frame bridge, uplift appeared at the end spans in the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Bearings and pad stones were damaged during the earthquake. In the past, the uplift mechanism and the seismic response under near-fault and far-fault ground motions were not sufficiently recognized. Here, a refined finite-element model of the Miaoziping Bridge was established considering the initial stress state and the nonlinear characteristics of the girder (e.g., cracking of concrete). The Wenchuan strong motion records and other 40 near-fault pulse-type and 40 far-fault ground motions were selected for nonlinear time history analysis. The uplift effect was realized by considering the compressive-only behavior of bearings. The results show that the seismic responses of the bridge under Wenchuan earthquake ground motions are in good agreement with the real seismic damage observed after the Wenchuan earthquake. The excitation of the near-fault pulse-type ground motion along the longitudinal direction is the dominant factor of the uplift at the end spans. When peak ground acceleration of the near-fault pulse-type ground motion is greater than 0.3g, the end spans are prone to uplift, and the maximum uplift displacement responses can reach 50 cm. There is little uplift possibility subjected to the far-fault ground motions. When the pulse period is in the range of 1–3 s, the pulse effect equals or even exceeds the full-wave effect. The end spans can hardly uplift subjected to vertical or transverse excitation individually. There is a slight difference between the uplift displacements subjected to single longitudinal ground motions and three-directional ground motions. The time of maximum uplift displacement is delayed considering the wave-passage effect. When the wave velocity is less than 1,000 m/s, the adverse effects of the wave-passage effect may be considered. 

Seismic Uplift Effect at End Spans of Long-Span Rigid-Frame Bridges Subjected to Near-Fault and Far-Fault Ground Motions

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