Photocatalysis is widely recognized as a promising method for various clean applications, and membrane technology is emerging as a potential functional form of photocatalysts. In this paper, an organic–inorganic TiO2/PCN-224 (TP) core-shell hybrid was fabricated and loaded on a PVDF membrane using vacuum filtration technique. This integration enabled the creation of a multifunctional TP-constructed-membrane with synergistic photocatalytic-photothermal activity for H2 generation, tetracycline (TC) degradation and inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). The high efficiency of the TP membrane under visible light can be attributed to the photothermal and photodynamic effects induced by PCN-224, as well as the role of TiO2 as the electron transfer platform. Moreover, the superhydrophilicity of the TP membrane facilitated enhanced rates of water-based catalytic reactions. As a result, under visible light, the optimal TP membrane demonstrated remarkable outcomes under visible light, including H2 generation at a rate of 1.88 mmol g−1 h−1, 86% degradation of TC (at a concentration of 50 mg/L) and 99.99% inactivation of S. aureus. These results exemplify the achievement of multiple objectives with a single catalyst, truly embodying the concept of "three birds, one stone". 

A Multifunctional Membrane Based on TiO2/PCN-224 Heterojunction with Synergistic Photocatalytic-Photothermal Activity under Visible-light Irradiation

Sunlight-driven photocatalysis, which can produce clean fuels and mitigate pollutant degradation, has received extensive research attention due to its potential for addressing both energy shortages and environmental crises. Bismuth (Bi)-based photocatalysts with broad spectrum solar-light absorption and tunable structures, exhibit promising applications in solar-driven photocatalysis. Oxygen vacancy (OV) engineering is a widely recognized strategy that shows great potential for accelerating charge separation and small molecule activation. Based on OV engineering, this review focuses on Bi-based photocatalysts and provides a comprehensive overview including synthetic methods, regulation strategies, and applications in photocatalytic field. The synthetic methods of Bi-based photocatalysts with OVs (BPOVs) are classified into hydrothermal, solvothermal, UV light reduction, calcination, chemical etching, and mechanical methods based on different reaction types, which provide the possibility for the structural regulation of BPOVs, including dimensional regulation, vacancy creation, elemental doping, and heterojunction fabrication. Furthermore, this review also highlights the photocatalytic applications of BPOVs, including CO2 reduction, N2 fixation, H2 generation, O2 evolution, pollutant degradation, cancer therapy, and bacteria inactivation. Finally, the conclusion and prospects toward the future development of BPOVs photocatalysts are presented. 

Oxygen vacancy mediated bismuth-based photocatalysts

Synergistic effect of oxygen vacancy defects and TiO2/WO3 heterostructures in photocatalytic hydrogen production and dye degradation

The development of effective and environmentally safe photocatalysts for the removal of antibiotics from aquatic environments remains an important issue. In this work, materials with different metal Pd mass loading ratios were prepared by loading TiO2 with noble metal Pd after the introduction of oxygen vacancies. After the photocatalytic degradation of TC, it was found that the 0.5% Pd/TiO2-Vo photocatalyst showed good photocatalytic activity in the degradation of tetracycline, with a degradation efficiency of 95.04% in 2 h and a reaction rate constant 2.18 times higher than that of TiO2. It was found that the introduction of oxygen vacancies and Pd loading could enhance the visible light response to overcome the drawback that TiO2 could only be irradiated by UV while increasing the free carrier density and inhibiting electron-hole recombination to improve its photocatalytic degradation efficiency. Finally, the possible decomposition pathways and degradation products of TC were inferred by combining liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (LCMS). The findings of this work may provide a new approach to improving the photocatalytic activity of TiO2. 

Photocatalytic degradation performance and mechanism of tetracycline by Pd-loaded titanium dioxide

Abstract In this research, the photocatalytic degradation of CIP from aqueous solutions using CQD decorated on N-Cu co-doped titania (NCuTCQD) was made during two synthesis steps by sol–gel and hydrothermal methods. The fabricated catalysts were analyzed using various techniques, including XRD, FT-IR, BET, FESEM, EDX, and DRS. The results showed that N and Cu atoms were doped on TiO 2 and CQD was well deposited on NCuT. The investigation of effective operational parameters demonstrated that the complete removal of ciprofloxacin (CIP: 20 mg/L) could be achieved at pH 7.0, NCuTCQD 4wt% : 0.8 g/L, and light intensity: 100 mW/cm 2 over 60 min reaction time. The O 2 •– and OH˙ radicals were identified as the primary reactive species during the decontamination process. The synthesized photocatalyst could be recycled after six consecutive cycles of CIP decomposition with an insignificant decrease in performance. Pharmaceutical wastewater was treated through the optimum degradation conditions which showed the photocatalytic degradation eliminated 89% of COD and 75% of TOC within 180 min. In the effluent toxicity evaluation, the EC 50 values for treated and untreated pharmaceutical wastewater increased from 62.50% to 140%, indicating that the NCuTCQD 4wt% /Vis system can effectively reduce the toxic effects of pharmaceutical wastewater on aquatic environments. 

Fabrication of new composite NCuTiO2/CQD for photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin and pharmaceutical wastewater treatment: degradation pathway, toxicity assessment

Synthesis of cake-like Ti-Bi bimetallic MOFs-derived OV-rich A-TiO2/β-Bi2O3 heterojunctions for photodegradation of ciprofloxacin

Purpose This study investigated the associations of peripheral iron status with different manifestations of restless legs syndrome (RLS), including leg movements (LMs) on polysomnography (PSG), disease severity, and impact on patients. Patients and Methods In this cross-sectional study, 108 patients with RLS were enrolled at Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital’s Center for Sleep Medicine. Demographic information, disease characteristics, RLS severity, and impact on patients were assessed through a semi-structured questionnaire. Peripheral iron indicators [serum ferritin, iron, and transferrin concentrations; unsaturated iron-binding capacity (UIBC) and total iron-binding capacity (TIBC); transferrin saturation (TSAT)] were measured following PSG to assess sleep stages, respiratory events, microarousals and LM parameters. Data from patients with and without ferritin concentration < 50 µg/L were compared in crude analyses, and Spearman correlations of other iron indicators with RLS data were examined. An ordinal logistic regression model was used to adjust for age, sex, body mass index, years of education, age at the time of RLS onset, prior treatment (yes/no), C-reactive protein (CRP)/hemoglobin level, total sleep time and apnea-hypopnea index. Results Multivariate analysis showed that periodic LMs during sleep (PLMS) and other LM parameters were significantly associated with a ferritin concentration < 50 µg/L, UIBC, TIBC, and serum transferrin concentration, but not serum iron or TSAT. By contrast, the severity and impact of RLS were not associated with a ferritin concentration < 50 µg/L or other peripheral iron indicators in the multivariate model. Conclusion In this study, peripheral iron status was associated mainly with motor components (LMs on PSG) rather than sensory components (severity and impact of RLS) after adequately controlling for potential confounders, such as CRP and hemoglobin levels. Commonly used peripheral iron metabolism indicators may therefore not be ideal biomarkers of RLS severity or impact on patients.

Peripheral Iron Metabolism is Associated with Leg Movements on Polysomnography but Not with the Severity of Restless Legs Syndrome or Its Impact on Patients

The efficient removal of quinolone antibiotics and heavy metal ions Cr(VI) using photocatalysis has attracted increasing attention in the field of environmental remediation. Here, we create a porous TiO2 p-n junction featuring titanium vacancies and oxygen vacancies. The double-deficient TiO2 p-n junction has the same catalytic ability as P25 under UV light. Still, it also can produce copious radicals under visible light excitation to achieve oxidative degradation of ofloxacin and reduced Cr (VI). This is helped by the two reaction centers generated by oxygen and titanium vacancies, the effective light-trapping capacity, and the close interfacial contacts. By adjusting the calcination temperature, oxygen vacancy, and titanium vacancy concentrations, TiO2 p-n junctions with the best photocatalytic activity were produced. In the pH range of 3.63–9.65, TiO2 p-n junctions maintained outstanding activity. The degradation pathway of ofloxacin was examined using theoretical calculations and LC-MS. This study provides a technically guided experimental basis for preparing photocatalytic materials with double-defective p-n junctions. 

MIL-125(Ti)-derived double vacancy-induced enhanced visible-light-driven TiO2 p-n homojunction for photocatalytic elimination of OFL and Cr(VI)

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Synthesis of cake-like Ti-Bi bimetallic MOFs-derived OV-rich A-TiO2/β-Bi2O3 heterojunctions for photodegradation of ciprofloxacin

Peripheral Iron Metabolism is Associated with Leg Movements on Polysomnography but Not with the Severity of Restless Legs Syndrome or Its Impact on Patients

MIL-125(Ti)-derived double vacancy-induced enhanced visible-light-driven TiO2 p-n homojunction for photocatalytic elimination of OFL and Cr(VI)