Sucrose accelerates flower opening and delays senescence through a hormonal effect in cut lily flowers

Sugars play important roles in petal senescence of cut flowers. In the Expt. 1 of this study, the effects of different concentrations of glucose (60, 90, and 120 g·L -1 ) and sucrose (30, 60, and 90 g·L -1 ) application on the vase life, rate of flower diameter increase, rate of flower weight increase and ethylene production of cut tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa ‘Luoyang Hong’) were evaluated. At the earlier stage, treatments of different concentrations of glucose and sucrose all retarded the process of flower opening and inhibited the increase of flower diameter and weight, while senescence of flowers fed with different concentrations of glucose was delayed at later stage. Flowers treated with 90 g·L -1 glucose displayed the longest vase life, which showed significant difference (P -1 glucose for 4 hours before (GE) or after (EG) exposed to 10 μL·L -1 ethylene for 4 hours. Generally, the opening process of flowers with GE and EG treatments was similar to that of the control, however GE treatment delayed flower senescence. Both GE and EG treatments improved flower diameter and weight, and GE treatment delayed the time of flower weight decrease. Besides, GE delayed climacteric ethylene evolution for 8 hours. All above suggest that exogenous sugars delay tree peony ‘Luoyang Hong’ cut flower senescence and extend flower vase life through their roles in the decrease of water loss and the suppression of sensitivity to ethylene and ethylene production.

Exogenous Sugars Involvement in Senescence and Ethylene Production of Tree Peony 'Luoyang Hong' Cut Flowers

1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), a gaseous inhibitor of ethylene action, has been widely used in horticultural crops to maintain quality, especially for long-term storage. In fruits, 1-MCP treatment reduces ethylene evolution, softening, color change, and flavor production, thus preserving product quality. The treatment also reduces the incidence of physiological disorders induced during refrigerated storage of many fruits and vegetables. Recent studies of 1-MCP treatments on various horticultural produce provided precious information that can expand the potential of commercial utilization. Under various treatment conditions, different responses to 1-MCP treatments were elucidated according to crops, cultivars, and harvest maturity. At present in Korea, however, commercial use of 1-MCP is limited to apple industry. The limit of commercial use of 1-MCP may be mainly due to different responses to the treatment by harvest maturity and storage conditions. Besides, diverse postharvest programs according to the period of storage require more specific treatment conditions such as concentration, temperature and the duration of treatment. In the present review, relatively recent research results were summarized and, based on the findings, future tasks were proposed to expand commercial usefulness of 1-MCP treatment in more horticultural commodities.

1-MCP application for horticultural commodities in Korea: Practical potential and future task

Leaf yellowing is the major postharvest crisis for cut alstroemeria flowers. Most studies have focused on hormone application to overcome this problem, while other important aspects of postharvest treatment such as vase solution microbial contamination and biocide effects have been ignored. Therefore, this study aims at evaluating the vase life and physiological performance of ‘Vanilla’ alstroemeria cut flowers in response to biocide application and microbial flora during postharvest handling. During two experiments flowers were treated with environmentally friendly and safe to use biocides such as citric acid (as acidifying agent) and sodium hypochlorite (as chlorination agent). Subsequently postharvest physiological parameters, namely vase life, side effect, weight change, solution uptake, chlorophyll content, and microbiological features of the vase solution such as microbial population, proliferation, and composition were studied. The results of the physiological study indicated a beneficial effect of chlorination on the vase life and most physiological parameters, especially chlorophyll content, and consequently, the green appearance of the leaves. Vase solution acidification, however, did not have a long lasting beneficial effect on physiological properties. Furthermore, microbiological studies show the efficacy of chlorination in reducing the vase solution microbial population and proliferation. By contrast, the vase solution acidification with citric acid was not able to control microbial proliferation. Microbial identification indicated Bacillus bacterial contamination as the dominant microbial vase solution flora.

Effects of Chlorination and Acidification on Postharvest Physiological Properties of Alstroemeria, cv. ‘Vanilla’ and on Microbial Contamination of Vase Solution

The aims of the present study were to compare the quality of cut flowers of the lily (Lilium longiflorum) ‘Woori Tower’ when exported via dry transport (DT) and wet transport and to identify a wet shipping solution that would improve both the vase life and quality of the cut flowers. Cut ‘Woori Tower’ flowers were treated with tap water (TW), Chrysal AVB (C. AVB, 1 mL·L -1 ), Chrysal SVB (C. SVB, 1 pill·3 L -1 ), 1-methylcyclopropene kit (1-MCP, 2 mg·L -1 ), GA4+7 + BA (100 mL· L -1 ), Vital Oxide (V.O, 2 mL·L -1 ), or H2 water (HW, 1.5 mg·L -1 ) as DT and wet shipping solutions. First and second flowers were in full bloom during the consumer stage (Day 7), with no significant differences between treatment groups. For the third flowers, only the C. SVB and GA4+7 + BA treatment groups were in full bloom, and neither the control group nor the TW group had bloomed at all. The vase life of the C. SVB treatment group and the GA4+7 + BA treatment group were 9.5 and 9.0 d, respectively, which were longer by 1.8 to 2.3 d, and tilting, petal abscission, and yellowing occurred slightly less in these groups than in the DT group. In particular, the C. SVB treatment was associated with a higher fresh weight change rate and a longer positive water balance (9 d), which were effective for quality maintenance. Fewer bacteria were detected in the C. SVB treatment group than in the DT, TW, or wet shipping solution treatment groups, and the ethylene production of the C. SVB group was lower, thereby improving vase life and freshness. Therefore, wet shipping was more effective than DT in improving the quality of cut lily flowers. In addition, C. SVB was the most effective among the tested wet shipping solutions in improving vase life and flower quality, likely by inhibiting ethylene production and improving water balance. Additional key words: cut flower, floricultural trade, longevity, postharvest physiology, wet distribution

Comparison of Transport Methods and Wet Shipping Solutions for Cut Lily ‘Woori Tower’

To investigate the effects of floral preservatives on vase life and sugar content during flower senescence of cut lilies, Lilium Oriental hybrid 'Casa Blanca' flowers were treated with various chemical holding solutions. The holding solution containing 3% sucrose + 200 mg.L HQC + 50 mg.L AgNO + 25 mg.L GA or 50% soda pop (cider) + 50% tap water + 40 mg.L NaOCl + 25 mg.L GA significantly increased vase life, fresh weight, flower diameter of cut flowers as compared with the control (distilled water). These treatments maintained high water balance and high chlorophyll content as compared with the control during senescence of flowers. The holding solution containing 3% sucrose + 200 mg.L HQC + 50 mg.L AgNO + 25 mg.L GA maintained high levels of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and total sugar for a long time as compared with the control. These results indicate that vase life and carbohydrate supply have a strong correlation.

Effect of Holding Solutions on Vase Life and Sugar Content during Flower Senescence of Cut Lilium Oriental Hybrid 'Casa Blanca'

This experiment was conducted to clarify the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on vase life of cut 'Blue Magic' iris. Pretreatment for 4 h with concentrations of 500 nL and 1000 nL 1-MCP, an inhibitor of ethylene action, inhibited the wilting and inrolling response of cut iris. The vase life of iris flowers of 500 nL or 1000 nL 1-MCP treatment was prolonged to 0.5 day compared to those held in distilled water (control). Vase life of iris showed no significant difference between ethylene exposure after 1-MCP treatment and control. 1-MCP treatment inhibited inrolling and increased fresh weight, water uptake, and water balance. The increase of fresh weight was high in 500 nL 1-MCP treatment and water uptake was increased by 1000 nL 1-MCP. Especially, iris flower without 1-MCP treatment dramatically decreased the water uptake as compared to the control for four or five days. Water balance of iris flowers held in water was changed to minus value faster than those with pretreatment of 1-MCP.

Extending the vase life of cut iris 'Blue Magic' flowers by 1-methylcyclopropene.

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Effect of Holding Solutions on Vase Life and Sugar Content during Flower Senescence of Cut Lilium Oriental Hybrid 'Casa Blanca'

Extending the vase life of cut iris 'Blue Magic' flowers by 1-methylcyclopropene.