Oxidative stress (OS), defined as disturbances in the pro-/antioxidant balance, is harmful to cells due to the excessive generation of highly reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species. When the balance is not disturbed, OS has a role in physiological adaptations and signal transduction. However, an excessive amount of ROS and RNS results in the oxidation of biological molecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA. Oxidative stress has been reported in kidney disease, due to both antioxidant depletions as well as increased ROS production. The kidney is a highly metabolic organ, rich in oxidation reactions in mitochondria, which makes it vulnerable to damage caused by OS, and several studies have shown that OS can accelerate kidney disease progression. Also, in patients at advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), increased OS is associated with complications such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, inflammation, and anemia. In this review, we aim to describe OS and its influence on CKD progression and its complications. We also discuss the potential role of various antioxidants and pharmacological agents, which may represent potential therapeutic targets to reduce OS in both pediatric and adult CKD patients.

/pdf/oxidative-stress-in-chronic-kidney-disease-2ay3px54xu.pdf

Oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease.

Cysteine/cystine redox signaling in cardiovascular disease

Malondialdehyde as biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking.

Researchers have speculated about the relation between atherosclerosis and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, an enzyme also known as

Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A

Hemodialysis (HD) patients are at high risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events. In addition to traditional risk factors, excessive oxidative stress (OS) and chronic inflammation emerge as novel and major contributors to accelerated atherosclerosis and elevated mortality. OS is defined as the imbalance between antioxidant defense mechanisms and oxidant products, the latter overwhelming the former. OS appears in early stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD), advances along with worsening of renal failure, and is further exacerbated by the HD process per se. HD patients manifest excessive OS status due to retention of a plethora of toxins, subsidized under uremia, nutrition lacking antioxidants and turn-over of antioxidants, loss of antioxidants during renal replacement therapy, and leukocyte activation that leads to accumulation of oxidative products. Duration of dialysis therapy, iron infusion, anemia, presence of central venous catheter, and bioincompatible dialyzers are several factors triggering the development of OS. Antioxidant supplementation may take an overall protective role, even at early stages of CKD, to halt the deterioration of kidney function and antagonize systemic inflammation. Unfortunately, clinical studies have not yielded unequivocal positive outcomes when antioxidants have been administered to hemodialysis patients, likely due to their heterogeneous clinical conditions and underlying risk profile.

/pdf/oxidative-stress-in-hemodialysis-patients-a-review-of-the-1uvgwz6de5.pdf

Oxidative Stress in Hemodialysis Patients: A Review of the Literature.

Background/Aims: Chronic renal failure is associated with elevated indices of oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that the in vivo formation of the F2-isoprostane

8-Iso-Prostaglandin F2α as a Useful Clinical Biomarker of Oxidative Stress in ESRD Patients

Cardiovascular disease is the major complication and cause of mortality in the dialysis population, accounting for about 40% of deaths. Oxidative stress has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesi

/pdf/smoking-is-associated-with-alterations-of-blood-thiol-group-1rss8i4351.pdf

Smoking is associated with alterations of blood thiol-group related antioxidants in patients on hemodialysis

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8-Iso-Prostaglandin F2α as a Useful Clinical Biomarker of Oxidative Stress in ESRD Patients

Smoking is associated with alterations of blood thiol-group related antioxidants in patients on hemodialysis