In this study, we quantitated kaempferol in water extract from Cudrania tricuspidata leaves (CTL) and investigated its effects on endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in HepG2 cells. The concentration of kaempferol in the CTL was 5.07 ± 0.08 mg/g. The HepG2 cells were treated with 300 µg/mL of CTL, 500 µg/mL of CTL, 1.5 µg/mL of kaempferol or 2.5 µg/mL of kaempferol, followed immediately by stimulation with 100 nM of thapsigargin for ER stress induction for 24 h. There was a marked increase in the activation of the ER stress and inflammation response in the thapsigargin-stimulated control group. The CTL treatment interrupted the ER stress response and ER stress-induced inflammation. Kaempferol partially inhibited the ER stress response and inflammation. There was a significant increase in serine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 and the expression of C/EBPα and gluconeogenic genes in the thapsigargin-stimulated control group compared to the normal control. Both CTL and kaempferol suppressed serine phosphorylation of IRS-1, and the treatments did not interrupt the C/EBPα/gluconeogenic gene pathway. These results suggest that kaempferol might be the active compound of CTL and that it might protect against ER stress-induced inflammation and hyperglycemia.

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/1/60/pdf

Effect of Cudrania tricuspidata and Kaempferol in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Inflammation and Hepatic Insulin Resistance in HepG2 Cells

Background : Obesity can play a role in the development of hepatic insulin resistance. Although the molecular mechanism of the association between obesity and hepatic insulin resistance is unclear, it has been reported that obesity leads to hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammation, which can induce the development of insulin resistance in several tissues. Objective : In this study, we investigated the associations between hepatic insulin resistance, ER, and inflammation in obesity and the effect of water extract from Cudrania tricuspidata  leaves (CTL) on hepatic insulin resistance induced by ER stress and inflammation in  db/db  mice. Design : The mice were randomly divided into four groups: a normal control group (C57BL/6J), a control group (C57BL/6J- db/db ), a CTL 100 group (C57BL/6J- db/db mice fed a dietary supplement of 100 mg/kg of CTL), and a CTL 300 group (C57BL/6J- db/db  mice fed a dietary supplement of 300 mg/kg of CTL). After 8 weeks, we performed an oral glucose tolerance test and the mice were sacrificed. Results : The C57BL/6J- db/db  mice developed obesity and hyperglycemia, and the ER stress response and inflammation were activated in their livers. Interestingly, there was a marked decrease in the activation of the ER stress response and insulin resistance in the livers of the C57BL/6J- db/db  mice treated with CTL due to decreases in the phosphorylation of eIF2α, IRE1α, and IRS-1 serine and decreases in the mRNA expression of ATF4, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, C/EBPα, and C/EBP homologous protein. Dietary supplementation with CTL also induced a statistically significant decrease in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, C-reactive protein (CRP), and NF-κB phosphorylation. Conclusions : Overall, these results suggest that CTL can improve hepatic insulin resistance and hyperglycemia by controlling obesity-induced ER stress and inflammation in the liver and that CTL may be a useful agent in treating hyperglycemia. Keywords: Cudrania tricuspidata ; obesity; insulin resistance; ER stress; inflammation (Published: 26 October 2015) Citation:  Food & Nutrition Research 2015,  59 : 29165 -  http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/fnr.v59.29165

/pdf/cudrania-tricuspidata-water-extract-improved-obesity-induced-2vtp8nnxxi.pdf

Cudrania tricuspidata water extract improved obesity-induced hepatic insulin resistance in db/db mice by suppressing ER stress and inflammation

We investigated the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of extracts from the leaves, stems, and fruit of Cudrania tricuspidata (CT) against H 2 O 2 or ethanol-induced oxidative damage. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content was the highest in the 80% ethanol extracts from the leaves of the plant (CTL80). Also, the radical scavenging activity of DPPH and ABTS in the CTL80 was significantly higher than that of the non-treated control. To determine the hepatoprotective effects of CT in H 2 O 2 and ethanol-induced oxidative damage, cell viability was measured using an XTT assay. Pre-treatment of CTL80 significantly increased cell viability compared with the non-treated control cells by 71.21% and 80.40%, respectively. The data suggests that CTL80 exhibits hepatoprotective antioxidant effects. Therefore, CTL80 may be considered a potential agent to control H 2 O 2 or ethanol-induced liver damage.

산화적 손상에 대한 꾸지뽕나무 잎, 열매 및 줄기 추출물의 간세포 보호효과

In this study, Cudrania tricuspidata (CT) containing abundant phytochemicals, such as xanthones and flavonoids, was evaluated as an additive to fortify the functionality and organoleptic quality of fermented milk. The physicochemical, functional, and sensory properties of fermented milk supplemented with different concentrations of CT powder were investigated. Increasing amounts of CT powder elevated the malic acid concentration, increasing the total acidity and decreasing the pH of fermented milk supplemented with CT powder. The viable cell count and free sugar contents of fermented milk indicated that supplementing with CT powder improved lactic acid fermentation slightly. The color of fermented milk supplemented with CT powder was darker, redder, yellower, and more pleasing than the control fermented milk. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of fermented milk supplemented with CT powder rose as the concentration of supplemented CT powder increased, resulting in enhanced antioxidant and antimutagenic activities. The CT powder improved the functionality of the fermented milk; still, at 2% or more, it had some unfavorable sensory properties, such as sourness, taste, and texture, which reduced the overall consumer preference. Therefore, a CT powder concentration of 0.5% or 1% may be acceptable to consumers.

The Antimutagenic and Antioxidant Activity of Fermented Milk Supplemented with Cudrania tricuspidata Powder

The purpose of this research is to distinguish the quantitative determination of phytochemicals in various agricultural products and to optimize an HPLC method for the determination of lycopene, lutein, -carotene, -carotene, and cryptoxanthin. Among the different conditions studied, the most suitable ones for our samples were the extraction with hexane/acetone/ethanol (50:25:25, v/v/v), dissolution of the dry extract in tetrahydrofuran/acetonitrile/methanol (15:30:55, v/v/v), injection on a column with methanol/acetonitrile (90:10, v/v) + triethylamine as mobile phase, and

http://koreascience.or.kr:80/article/JAKO201326053672979.pdf

Phytochemical contents of agricultural products cultivated by region

Contents of quercetin (Q) and kaempferol (K) in fruits, roots, and leaves of Cudrania tricuspidata and their processed foods (fruit liquor, root liquor, and leaf tea) before and after hydrolysis were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. Total contents of Q (58.822.49 mg) and K (26.820.66 mg) in the leaves were higher than those in the fruits (Q, 5.700.02 mg; K, 2.580.02 mg) and roots (Q, 1.600.01 mg; K, 2.930.02 mg). The results suggest that a large portion of Q (95%) and K (93%) contained in the leaves, fruits, and roots exist in glycoside forms. However, the contents of Q and K in the processed foods were consistently and markedly reduced [fruit liquor, 90% (Q) and 89.8% (K); root liquor, 74.5% (Q) and 76.2% (K); leaf tea, 94% (Q) and 87% (K)] in comparison with raw materials (fruits, roots, and leaves); it is likely due to oxidative conversion of components contained in the materials during storage and processing. This quantitative analysis of components of C. tricuspidata may prove to be valuable as fundamental data for plant physiological research, estimation of bioactivity, and research on storage and processing of C. tricuspidata.

Quantification of Quercetin and Kaempferol Contents in Different Parts of Cudrania tricuspidata and Their Processed Foods

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Quantification of Quercetin and Kaempferol Contents in Different Parts of Cudrania tricuspidata and Their Processed Foods